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Skeletal System

Skeletal System. 300 baby bones 206 adult bones >1/2 in hands & feet Humans & giraffes have same # neck bones Longest bone= femur Smallest bone= inner ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup). Functions of Skeletal System. Support Protection Movement Hematopoiesis

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Skeletal System

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  1. Skeletal System 300 baby bones 206 adult bones >1/2 in hands & feet Humans & giraffes have same # neck bones Longest bone= femur Smallest bone= inner ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup)

  2. Functions of Skeletal System • Support • Protection • Movement • Hematopoiesis • Reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue

  3. Skull – 22 bones Cranium – 8 Facial - 14 Vertebral Column - ___ Inner ear - __ Thorax - 27 ___ bones Upper limb – ___ Shoulder girdle - __ Lower limb – ___ Pelvic girdle – __ ___ bones

  4. Thoracic Cage____ bones

  5. Vertebral Column___ bones

  6. Abnormal Spinal Curvatures ___________ ______________________

  7. The Hand27 bones

  8. The Foot26 bones

  9. Arches of the Foot

  10. The Skull 22 bones Nerves and vessels “keystone of cranium” Ethmoid Ethmoid

  11. Fibrous joint Projection that contacts adjacent bone

  12. closes at ___ wks closes at ________mths Infant Skull Fontanel – space between infant skull bones

  13. Sinus: air-filled space Sinus Cavities

  14. Compact & Spongy Bone

  15. Compact Bone canaliculi

  16. OsteonStructural and functional unit of bone • ___________________ Canal • Allows passage of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers • ______________ • Concentric rings of collagen fibers around haversion canal • Allows bone to withstand force • Lacunae • Small cavities occupied by ______________ that join lamella • Canaliculi • Hairlike _______ that join lacunae to each other and the central canal • Allow osteocytes to exchange nutrients, wastes, and chemical signals via gap junctions

  17. Bone Classification _____ _____ Scapula Sternum Ribs Skull Arms Legs Phalanges _____ _________ Wrist Ankle Vertebrate Hip Patella

  18. Anatomy of Long Bones

  19. Anatomy of Short, Flat & Irregular Bones

  20. Type of Cells in Bone • Osteo_____ • ______ bone cells • Synthesize and secrete organic components of bone matrix • Initiate calcification • Found in __________________ and ____________________ • Osteocytes • Mature bone cells • Formed when osteoblasts get trapped in matrix • Do not secrete matrix • _________ bone tissue • Osteoclasts • Bone _______________ (digest/break down matrix): part of normal bone growth, development, maintenance and repair • Found in _________________

  21. Bone Matrix • Organic components (1/3) • ___________ fibers • Provide resilience against stretching and twisting • Inorganic components (2/3) • Mg, F, Na • Salts that interact to form ________________ • Calcium phosphate • Calcium hydroxide • Provide hardness and resist compression

  22. Types of Tissue in Bone • Connective • Osseous • Dense fibrous • Adipose • Vascular • Lymphatic • Nervous

  23. Bone Marrow • Red = hematopoietic tissue • Bone cell forming tissue • Everywhere in _____________ • Yellow = fatty tissue • Young to middle age develop in ________ • Does NOT produce blood

  24. I love anatomy!!!!!

  25. Bone Development • Osteogenesis (________________) – bone tissue formation • Embryo: leads to skeleton • Intramembranous ossification • Fibrous membrane replaced with bone • Endochondral ossification • __________ cartilage replaced with bone • Most bones develop this way • More complicated (hyaline cartilage broken down first) • Children: leads to bone growth • Adults: leads to bone remodeling and repair

  26. Intramembranous Ossification • ______________ permit calcification • Some osteoblasts trapped in ossification center (now considered ________________) • Growth is _________ from ossification center • Osteoblasts require oxygen and nutrients, so blood vessels are trapped in bone • Fibrous membranes→spongy bone→compact bone • Outer fibrous membrane becomes _______________

  27. Endochondrial Ossification • Chondrocytes in center of shaft increase in size and calcify • Deprived of nutrients and die • Vessels grow into perichondrium • Inner layer turns to osteoblasts • Perichondrium now periosteum • Thin layer of bone formed around shaft • Bone collar provides support • Calcified cartilage breaks down • Osteoblasts replace with spongy bone • 1° oss. center- bone dev and spreads toward epiphysis

  28. Endochondrial Ossification • 1° oss. center enlarges • Osteoclasts break down spongy bone • Medullary cavity now open • Osteoblasts move to epiphysis

  29. Bone Growth • Length • ________________ossification center • center of ________________ • Thickness • ________________ossification center • center of ________________

  30. Hormonal Effects on Bone Growth • Growth Hormone (GH) • Produced by pituitary gland • Stimulates protein synthesis and cell growth • Thyroxine • Produced by thyroid gland • Stimulates cell metabolism and increases osteoblast activity • Sex Hormones at Puberty • Cause osteoblasts to produce bone faster than epiphyseal cartilage can divide • Growth spurt • Epipyseal plate closure • Estrogens (female) • Cause faster closure of plate than androgens • Androgens (male) • Parathyroid Hormone • ___________ blood calcium level (decreases bone calcium) • Inhibits _______________; Stimulates osteoclast • Calcitonin • “tones down” blood calcium level (increases bone calcium) • Inhibits _____________; stimulates osteoblast

  31. Nutrients and Bone Growth • Calcium and phosphate salts • Hormone ____________ and Vit ___ allow absorption • Vitamins A, C, K, B12

  32. Types of Fractures • ____________- the bone is broken, but the skin is not lacerated • ___________________- skin is pierced by the bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at the time of the fracture • ___________________- fracture on one side of the bone, causing a bend on the other side of the bone. • _____________ – fracture wraps around bound in spiral manner • ___________________ - results in three or more bone fragments. • __________________ - fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone • ___________________–occurs in vertebrate • Lisfranc - one or all of the metatarsal bones are displaced from the tarsus 

  33. Fractures Bony (Fracture Hematoma)

  34. Skeletal Disorders • Osteomalacia • “__________ _________” • Lacking minerals (ie. Calcium, vit D) • Rickets • Child form of osteomalacia • More detrimental since bones are still growing • Signs: bowed legs; deformities of pelvis, ribs and skull • Osteomyelitis • “bone marrow inflammation” • Caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter via wound or nearby infection • Osteoporosis • Bone degradation occurs faster than bone can be deposited • Decrease in bone mass • _____________ bones • Fractures in the vertebrate and femur are common • Most common postmenopause: rapid decline in estrogen (stimulates osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclasts

  35. Skeletal Disorders • Giantism • __________ hypersecretion of GH • Excessive growth • Acromegaly • __________hypersecretion of GH • Overgrowth of face, feet, hands • Pituitary Dwarfism • Childhood _______________ of GH • Short long bones; max height is 4 ft. • Paget’s Neoplasms • Bone remodeling process disturbed • Bones are abnormal, enlarged, not as dense, brittle, and prone to fracture • Affects older adults

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