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PREP 1. FORMATION PROCESS. CELLS . TISSUES. ORGANS. ANIMAL & PLANT CELL. ORGANS . Like plants, animals have different parts or organs to carry out different jobs. -Organs allow animals to detect and respond to changes around them.
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FORMATION PROCESS CELLS TISSUES ORGANS
ORGANS • Like plants, animals have different parts or organs to carry out different jobs. -Organs allow animals to detect and respond to changes around them. • An organ is a part of a living body that performs certain important functions. • Examples of organs are : eyes, nose, ears, tongue, skin
ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION: Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or absent organ. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine • ORGNAN IMPLANTATION: An artificial organ is a man-made device that is implanted or integrated into a human to replace a natural organ, for the purpose of restoring a specific function or a group of related functions so the patient may return to as normal a life as possible.
Human Organ systems Organs of a Human The organs in our body form systems to allow life processes like movement and reproduction. Our body has various organ systems. Each system performs its own function but they all work together to keep us alive.
SYSTEMS OF OUR BODY There are many systems in the human body. Skeletal System (bones) Respiratory System (nose, trachea, lungs) Circulatory System (heart, blood, vessels) Digestive System (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines) Muscular System (muscles) Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves) Excretory System (lungs, large intestine, kidneys)
1. Skeletal System (bones) • The bones in our body connect and form the skeleton. • The Skeletal System has three major jobs: • It protects our vital organs such as the brain, the heart, and the lungs. • It gives us the shape that we have. • It allows us to move. Because muscles are attached to bones, when muscles move, they move the bones and the body moves.
2. Respiratory System (nose, trachea, lungs) The Respiratory System is the system of the body that deals with breathing. When we breathe, the body takes in the oxygen that it needs and removes the carbon dioxide that it doesn't need. The organ most closely connected with this system is the lung. The human body has two lungs.
3. Circulatory System (heart, blood, vessels) The Circulatory System is the system by which oxygen and nutrients reach the body's cells, and waste materials are carried away. Blood serves as the system of transport. The heart, a muscular organ, positioned behind the ribcage and between the lungs, is the pump that keeps this transport system moving.
4.Digestive System (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines) The Digestive System is a 9 meter long tube. The digestive process begins in the mouth, Large intestine
5. Muscular System (muscles) • Our bones can move at the joints, but they cannot move by themselves. Bones need muscles to move them. There are many muscles in our body. The muscles lie underneath our skin and cover our skeleton. • Muscles can become shorter, or contract. -They can also become longer and soft. That is their relaxed position. • What happens when you straighten/ bend your arm?
6. Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves) • The Nervous System is made up of the brain and the spinal cord, as well as thousands of nerves. • The primary organ of this system is the brain. The brain runs the show and controls just about everything you do, even when you're asleep. • The brain has many different parts that work together. The four main parts are listed below: • Cerebrum, • Cerebellum, • Brain Stem, And • Pituitary Gland.
7. Excretory System (lungs, large intestine, kidneys) The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from an organism, and prevent damage to the body. It is responsible for the elimination of the waste products of metabolism as well as other liquid and gaseous wastes, as urine and as a component of sweat and exhalation.
Cells: A History of Discovery • It was not until 1665 that a scientist by the name of Robert Hooke first discovered the existence of cells. • Today scientists have developed what we call the Cell Theory. This theory states the following: • All living things are made of cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. • Living cells come only from other living cells.
Types of Tissues “A tissue is a group of similar cells that all work together on the same job”. • Epithelial tissue are joined together and cover the surface of the body (epidermis of the skin), line spaces in the body (lining of the abdominal cavity) and hollow structures (lining of blood vessels), or form glands (sweat glands). • Connective tissue is usually made of cells and extracellular fibers that hold structures together (tendons), protect them (cartilage), store energy (fat), or produce blood.
3. Muscular tissueis made of cells that are organized to shorten and produce force when they contract (smooth skeletal and cordine muscle). 4. Nervous tissue is made of neurons and accessory cells.
TYPES OF CELLS 1. Red Blood Cells: Are round in shape and give red colour to our blood. They carry oxygen from air in the lungs to all parts of our body. 2. White Blood Cells: These cells help fight against diseases and are part of our immune system. 3. Nerve Cells: Are the longest cells in our body. They carry messages around our body for the body to perform different functions. 4. Epithelium Cells: These are flat and fit together in sheets to cover and protect the surface of our organs. 5. Sperm Cells: These are produced by the male animal and joins with the female egg cells to form the first new cell of a new baby. 6. Egg Cells: These are produced by the female animal and can store a lot of food. Once the egg and sperm cells have joined then this food is used to help the baby develop properly. 7. Root Cells: They are present in the roots of the plants and helps plant absorb water and minerals from the soil. These cells are very long and thin in shape.
BRAIN HEART LUNG LIVER STOMACH KIDNEY LARGE INTESTINE SMALL INTESTINE
Human Systems 1. Skeletal System Organs: Bones Functions: 1. It gives shape to the body. 2. Protects the important parts of the body (heart, brain, lungs). 3. Helps in movement of the body. 2. Respiratory System Organs: Nose, trachea, lungs Functions: Deals with breathing of the body. The body takes in oxygen when we inhale and removes out carbon dioxide when we exhale. The human body has two lungs. • Circulatory System Organs: Heart , Blood vessels Functions: This System helps oxygen and nutrients reach the body's cells, and waste materials are carried away. Blood serves as the system of transport. The heart is the pump that keeps this transport system moving.
Muscular system Organs: Muscles (e.g. Biceps, Triceps, Shoulder, Thigh, Neck and abdominal muscles). Function: Our bones can move at the joints and they need muscles to move them. There are many muscles in our body. The muscles lie underneath our skin and cover our skeleton. Muscles contract when shortened and can also become longer relaxed position. 5. Digestive System Organs: Mouth, Stomach, Intestines, Esophagus Function: The Digestive System is a 9 meter long tube. This process begins in the mouth. The food is grinded by teeth and through esophagus food passes down into the stomach to the small intestine, here the food is more crushed and passed to the large intestine from where the wastes excretes out through the anus. • Nervous System Organs: Brain and the spinal cord, thousands of nerves. Functions: The nervous system helps send messages through out the body. Brain is the important organ of this system as it controls everything you do, even when you're asleep.
7. Excretory System Organs: Lungs, large intestine, kidneys Functions: The excretory system is a system that removes excess, unnecessary or wastes materials from an organism, and prevent damage to the body. It eliminates waste products of metabolism as well as other liquid and gaseous wastes.
MICROSCOPE Q1. What is a microscope used for ? A1. Microscopes are used for looking at very small things like cells or micro-organisms. When a microscope makes an object look bigger , it means that the object have been Magnified. Magnification is how much bigger the object looks rather than it actually is. TOTAL MAGNIFICATION FORMULA= magnification of objective lens x magnification of eyepiece lens. Q2. Name the parts of a microscope and their functions? A2. There are different types of microscopes but all of them have similar parts which does the same job for each one of them.
THE PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE Eyepiece: Used to observe the specimen. Objective Lens: The lens closest to the object. Used to focus and enlarge the specimen. Fine focus knob: Small inner knob which brings the image into clear focus. Stage:The flat plate which supports the slides placed for observation. Coarse focus knob: Large outer knob which brings the image into rough focus. Stage Clips: Clips on the stage used to hold the slide in place. Base: Supports the microscope. Mirror: Used to reflect light into the objective lens.
