Presentation Transcript

1. AP EXAM REVIEW!Part IV

2. #4Beginnings of a modern American democracy (1824-1844)

3. Political Events and Social Developments – John q. Adams The Election of 1824 The Democratic-Republican nominees were John Quincy Adams William H. Crawford Henry Clay Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson received the greatest number of popular votes and electoral votes, however none of the four won a majority The election was decided in the House Speaker of the House Clay threw his support to Adams, thereby handing Adams the victory Adams reciprocated by handing Clay the position of Secretary of State This appointment was known as the “CORRUPT BARGAIN”
4. Political Events and Social Developments Adam’s Presidency Most in Congress preferred Andrew Jackson He was also a Federalist congressman, and son of a Federalist president Every effort to strengthen the federal government was seen with deep suspicion Jackson’s supporters strongly favored STATES RIGHTS and thwarted all of Adams’s efforts to initiate improvements through the federal government
5. Political Events and Social Developments – Jacksonian Democracy Jackson was furious that he was denied the presidency in 1824 despite winning more votes than any other candidate During Adams’ presidency, Jackson put together a support network to assure wide popular support This group became known as the present-day DEMOCRATIC PARTY The campaign itself in 1828 was brutal Jackson accused Adams of being a corrupt career politician Adams accused Jackson of being a stupid and violent drunkard Thus, the modern political campaign was born Jackson won by a large margin
6. Political Events and Social Developments – Jacksonian Democracy Jackson’s popularity ushered in the age of JACKSONSIAN DEMOCRACY which replaced JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY Jeffersonian Democracy: a nation governed by middle and upper-class educated property holders, in which the government would only be as large as necessary to provide an acceptable level of services. Envisioned a nation of yeoman farmers (famers who owned their lands) whose liberty would be protected by limiting the power of the central government Jacksonian Democracy: benefited from UNIVERSAL WHITE MANHOOD SUFFRAGE, meaning the extension of voting rights to all white males, even those who did not own property
7. Political Events and Social Developments – Jacksonian Democracy No policy received more criticism by modern scholars than Jackson’s treatment of the Cherokees with the INDIAN REMOVAL ACT, passed by Congress in 1830 “Five Civilized Tribes” living in the South during Jackson’s presidency, one of them being the Cherokees The Cherokees developed a written language, converted to Christianity, and even owned slaves (How much more “civilized could they become?!) The problem arose when gold was found on Cherokee land The Removal demanded that the Indians be relocated to Oklahoma, which had been deemed an Indian territory Chief Justice John Marshall sided with the Cherokees, but Jackson refused to comply with the courts orders “John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it” – Andrew Jackson
8. Political Events and Social Developments – Jacksonian Democracy One of the major issues of Jackson’s presidency focused on NULLIFICATION Nullification was first expressed by Jefferson and Madison in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Nullification: holds that the individual states have the right to disobey federal laws if they find them unconstitutional The Tariff of 1828 (AKA The Tariff of Abominations) Taxed British wools and other certain raw material imports Southerners opposed this tax and considered nullification Jackson, a strong supporter of states’ rights, thought nullification endangered the Union and was too extreme
9. Political Events and Social Developments – Jacksonian Democracy In 1830, the nullification movement failed, but it laid the groundwork for opposition to the Tariff of 1832, which South Carolina officially nullified Jackson threatened to call in troops to enforce the tariff Henry Clay (the same man that brokered the Missouri Compromise) organized the compromise No resolution was reached over the issue of nullification, and this would continue to be an issue until the Civil War
10. Political Events and Social Developments – Jacksonian Democracy Jackson’s economic policies demonstrated his distrust of both big government and Northeastern power brokers He spend much of his two terms “downsizing” the federal government and strengthening the office of the presidency through his use of the presidential veto He saw to it that the SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES failed because he felt it protected Northeastern interests at the expense of the west
11. Political Events and Social Developments – Jacksonian Democracy Slavery grew to be an ever more controversial issue during the Jacksonian Democracy Northern abolition movement grew, the South experienced several slave revolts NAT TURNER’S REBELLION Turner, a well-read preacher, had a vision as a sign from God that a black liberation movement would succeed He rallied a gang, killed and mutilated 60 whites In retaliation, 200 slaves were executed, some with no connection to the rebellion Southern states passed BLACK CODES, prohibiting blacks from congregating and learning to read
12. Political Events and Social Developments – Election of 1836 and the rise of the Whigs Jackson’s Democratic party could not represent the interests of everyone (Northern abolitionists, Southern plantation owners, Western pioneers), and inevitably an opposition party, THE WHIGS, was formed The Whigs A loose coalition that shared one thing in common: opposition to the Democrats’ policies Election of 1836 Jackson supported his second vice president, Martin Van Buren Van Buren took over as the country entered the Panic of 1837 Van Buren made the situation worse by continuing Jackson’s policies This economic downturn guaranteed that he would not be reelected
13. Political Events and Social Developments – Election of 1836 and the rise of the Whigs In 1841, former military hero WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON became the first Whig president He died of pneumonia a month after taking office His vice president, John Tyler, a former Democrat, assumed the presidency and began promoting states’ rights, much to his own party’s chagrin Tyler vetoed numerous Whig bills, which alienated Whig leadership Eventually his entire cabinet resigned in protest Tyler is referred to as the “president without a party” and his presidency lasted only one term
14. Economic History (1800-1860) Beginnings of a Market Economy From the first time they arrived until the Revolutionary War era, most settlers in the U.S. raised crops for subsistence, rather than for sale at market Most people made their own clothing, built their own furniture and homes, got by without many other conveniences Cash transactions were relatively rare Developments in manufacturing and transportation changed all that By making is possible to mass produce goods and transport them across the country cheaply, a MARKET ECONOMY began to develop Market Economy: people trade their labor and goods for cash, which they then use to buy other people’s labor or gods
15. Economic History (1800-1860) Beginnings of a Market Economy (cont.) Market economies favor those who specialize. EX: farmers who grow a single crop (monoculture) usually do better in a market economy than those who produce many different crops One-crop farmers can offer buyers more of what they want These farmers don’t have to look for different buyers for their many products. The trade-off: these farmers are no longer self-sufficient, instead they become dependent on the market to provide some necessities Also, farmers can fall victim to overproduction, resulting in an unexpected, unwelcome crop in the price of their crop Market economies grow more quickly and provide more services than subsistence economies These changes can result in “BOOM OR BUST CYCLES” (as shown with the panics of 1819 and 1837)
16. Economic History (1800-1860) - Beginnings of a Market Economy (cont.) As stated earlier, the War of 1812 forced the U.S. to become less depended on imports and develop a stronger national economy Two key advances, both developed by Eli Whitney, played a major part of the process as well The COTTON GIN: 5,000% more efficient than a human INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS in manufacturing
17. Economic History (1800-1860) The North and the Textile Industry The technology introduced by Eli Whitney first helped the textile industry Advances in technology, coupled with the U.S. embargo on British goods prior to and during the War of 1812, spurred the development of textile mills in New England Other industries inevitably sprung up around the textile industry Clothing manufacturers turned textiles into finished products Retailers sold the clothing Brokers acted as middlemen, buying and selling raw and finished products Commercial banks lent money to everyone so that the wheels of commerce stayed well greased The Transportation industry grew as a result of the need to ship these and other products across the country
18. Economic History (1800-1860) Transportation: Canals, Railroads, Highways, Steamships Prior to the 1820s, travel and shipping along the east-west routes was difficult, most centered on the north-south routes along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers The construction of the NATIONAL ROAD from Maryland to West Virginia (and ultimately central Ohio) made travel easier The biggest change came with the ERIE CANAL The Erie Canal Funded entirely by the state of New York, completed in 1825 Linked the Great Lakes region to New York and thus, to European shipping routes Suddenly it was lucrative for a Midwestern merchant or farmer to sell his products to Eastern buyers By 1835 its width and depth had to be nearly doubled to handle the traffic During the 1830s thousands of miles of canals were constructed
19. Economic History (1800-1860) Transportation: Canals, Railroads, Highways, Steamships Similarly, railroads defined travel America’s first railroads were built in the 1830s, typically to connect two cities Original problem: different railroad lines could not be connected to one another because the width, or gauge, of their tracks was different By 1853, New York and Chicago were linked, so was Pittsburgh and Philadelphia Southern rail was much slower to develop, superior rails gave the North a huge advantage in the Civil War After the Civil War, railroad construction “picked up steam”
20. Economic History (1800-1860) Farming Although American manufacturing grew at a rapid pace, agriculture remained by far the most common source of livelihood throughout the first half of the 19th century Mechanization revolutionized farming during the period Mechanical plow Sower Reaper Thresher Baler Cotton gin 1820: one-third of all food in U.S. went to market 1860: that fraction doubled
21. Economic History (1800-1860) Westward Expansion By 1820 the U.S. had settled regions east of the Mississippi and was quickly expanding west Americans began to believe they had a God-given right to Western territories, and idea that became known as MANIFEST DESTINY Some took this to the extreme, arguing that Canada and Mexico would eventually be annexed by the United States Western settlement was dangerous Terrain and climate was could and unforgiving Settlers were moving into areas rightfully belonging to Native Americans and Mexicans, who were not going to give up their land without a fight
22. Economic History (1800-1860) Westward Expansion (cont.) Texas When Mexico declared its independence from Spain (1821), the new country included what is now Texas and much of the Southwest including California The Mexican government establish liberal land policies enticing settlers, and tens of thousands of Americans flooded the region In return, the settlers were supposed to become Mexican citizens, but never did They also ignored the anti-slavery laws When Mexico tried to regain control of the land, the settlers rebelled and declared for independence from Mexico This was when the famous battle of the ALAMO was fought (1836) For awhile Texas was an independent country; “The Republic of Texas” The existence of slavery in TX guaranteed a Constitutional battle over statehood, TX was not admitted to the Union until 1845
23. Economic History (1800-1860) Westward Expansion (cont.) Farther west and north, settlers were pouring into the OREGON TERRITORY Settlers traveled to the Willamette Valley, braving a sixth month journey on the Oregon Trail Americans were not the first one; the Native Americans were there, as well as the British Late 1840s, those heading along the Oregon Trail had a new destination: CALIFORNIA 1848, the discovery of gold set off the GOLD RUSH Most did not strike it rich, but settled after discovering that it was very hospitable to agriculture Its access to the Pacific Ocean allowed major cities such as San Francisco to develop as important trade centers
24. Economic History (1800-1860) Economic Reasons for Regional Differences The North Was becoming industrialized Advances in technology (communications, transportation, industry, banking) were transforming it into the nations commercial center Farming played a small role, and legal slavery was uncommon The South Remained almost entirely agrarian Chief crops – tobacco and cotton – required vast acreage, so Southerners were looking to the west for more land Depended on slavery, looked for new slave territories to add to the Union to strengthen their position in Congress The West Interests were rooted in commercial farming, fur trapping, and real-estate Distrusted the North (powerful banks), and had little use for the South Wanted to avoid the slavery issue, which was irrelevant to their lives
25. Religious and Social Movements THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING Period of religious revival (much like the first) among Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists Began in New York and spread throughout the country Sparked an interest in EVANGELICALISM in the South and West Temperance societies sprang up Encouraging people not to drink, some sought the prohibition of liquor Remained powerful until the adoption of the 18th Amendment (1919) Battled against gambling and prostitution as well
26. Religious and Social Movements Mormons Joseph Smith formed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in 1830 Preached the acceptance of polygamy (drawing strong opposition in the East and Midwest) Mormons realized they would never be able to practice in the East, made the long difficult trek to the Salt Lake Valley, led by Brigham Young They came to dominate the Utah territory