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Techelet

Techelet. Return of the Mystical Blue Dye. The Basic Questions. Where has it been until now? What is Techelet made from? How can we be sure that we have found the right thing? How much can we rely on Archaeologists?

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Techelet

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  1. Techelet Return of the Mystical Blue Dye

  2. The Basic Questions • Where has it been until now? • What is Techelet made from? • How can we be sure that we have found the right thing? • How much can we rely on Archaeologists? • Why does it seem that so many religious people are not wearing techelet today?

  3. Some Complex Questions • How do you tie them? • How many white strings and how many blue strings?

  4. Where has it gone? Dye Use Restrictions Caesar (100-44 BCE) and Augustus (63 BCE -14 CE) restricted the use of the dyes to governing classes. Nero (37-68 CE) issued a decree that gave the emperor exclusive right to wear purple or blue garments. Under Constantius (337-362) the restrictions against the use of tekhelet were strictly enforced. An edict (383) by Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius made the manufacture of higher quality purple and blue a state monopoly.

  5. When was itdiscontinued? The Talmud tells of tekhelet being brought from Israel to Babylon in the days of R. Ahai (506) the last positive indication of the use of tekhelet. One can assume that tekhelet was available until the redaction of the Talmud, as no reference to its discontinuance is recorded.

  6. Are We Allowed to Rediscover it? ספרי (פרשת וזאת הברכה ) – אמר ר' יוסי פעם אחת הייתי מהלך מכזיב לצור ומצאתי זקן אחד ושאלתיו במה אתה מתפרנס. הוא אמר לי מחלזון. אמרתי לו ומי מצוי? א"ל השמים! מקום בים שמוטל בהרים וסממיות וכו'... אמרתי לו ניכר הוא שגנוז לצדיקים לעתיד לבוא. וזה פירושו של "כי שפע ימים יינקו ושפוני טמוני חול."

  7. Identification #1 Where does it come from? תוספתא מנחות ט:ו – תכלת אין כשרה אלא מן החלזון הביא שלא מן החלזון פסולה. רמב"ם הל' ציצית (ב:ב) – ובים המלח הוא מצוי. גמרא שבת (כו.) – ציידי חלזון מסולמות של צור ועד חיפה.

  8. Identification #2 Does it move? שבת (עה.) – הצד ופוצע חלזון – חייב משום צידה לכו"ע, ויש מחלוקת אם חייב משום פציעה שתלוי אם פציעה בכלל דישה. תוספות (שם) – צ"ע דבירושלמי משמע שהצד חלזון לא מיחייב משום צידה. פירוש המיוחס לראב"ד על ספר היצירה – "כי הנה החלזון אי אפשר לעמוד עליו אם הוא מכלל הדגים או מכלל הצומח כי הוא חי ומתנועע אינו מחליף מקומו כי הוא נועץ ותקוע בארץ."

  9. Identification #3 What does it look like? דברים רבה (סז:יא) – מהו לא בלו שלמותיכם מעל רגליכם וכו' א"ל ולא היו גדילין היו הבגדים קטנים להם וא"ל אל תתמה על זו, החלזון כשגדל מלבושו גדל עמו. גמרא שבת (עה.) – הפוצע את החלזון וכו'

  10. Identification #4What is the word Chilazon? גמרא סנהדרין (צא.) – סיפור על חלזונות שיצאואחרי הגשם. הראבי"ה בשם הירושלמי: בין תכלת לכרתי פירושו בין פורפירין וביו פריפינין.

  11. Identification #5Was it common or not? מגילה (ו.) - ושפוני טמוני חול – זוהי התכלת מנחות (מד.) – ת"ר חלזון זהו גופו דומה לים וברייתו דומה לדג ועולה אחד לשבעים שנה ובדמו צובעין תכלת לפיכך דמיו יקרים.

  12. PROOF #1 גמרא בבא מציעא (סא) – "אני ה' אלוקיכם אשר הוצאתי אתכם מארץ מצרים" ששם הבחנתי בין טפה של בכור לאינה של בכור וכן אבחין בין המוכר קלא אילן במקום תכלת.

  13. PROOF #2 רמב"ן פרשת תצוה (כח:ב) – רק המלאכים לבשו תכלת שהוא דבר יקר מאד ושמו הוא פופורא. Pliny and Aristotle identified the Purpura color of the ancients as a dye that came from the Murex Trunculus snail.

  14. Proof #3 ראבי"ה בשם הירושלמי: בין תכלת לכרתי פירושו בין פורפירין ובין פריפינין

  15. Proof #4 רמב"ם הל' ציצית ב:א – תכלת האמורה בתורה בכל מקום היא הצמר הצבוע כפתוך שבכחול וזו היא דמות הרקיע הנראית לעין השמש בטהרו של רקיע... והתכלת האמורה בציצית צריך שתהיה צביעתה צביעה ידועה שעומדת ביופיה ולא תשתנה

  16. Analysis מנחות (מד.) ת"ר חלזון זהו גופו דומה לים וברייתו דומה לדג ועולה אחד לשבעים שנה ובדמו צובעין תכלת לפיכך דמיו יקרים.

  17. Attack Against Murex # 1 Fact:     The blue dye used by the P’til Tekhelet Foundation cannot be genuine tekhelet because it is indigo.  Since the Talmud provides chemical tests to distinguish real tekhelet from indigo, it is obvious that they cannot be the same chemical!

  18. Attack Against Murex # 2 Fiction:   Archeological evidence proves murex trunculus was used to dye tekhelet. Fact:       Archeological evidence proves that murex trunculus was used to dye purple.  No evidence whatsoever that it was used to dye blue.

  19. Attack Against Murex # 3 Fiction:  Murex trunculus is covered with a sea fouling that meets the requirement that the color of the chilazon is similar to the sea. Fact:     The Talmud requires that the body (gufo) of the chilazon be the color of the sea.  It doesn’t say shell, and it certainly doesn’t say the living sea organisms on it.

  20. Attack Against Murex # 4 Fact:     The process used by the P’til Tekhelet Foundation will produce indigo from the dye of any of the purple giving snails, not just murex trunculus. 

  21. Attack Against Murex # 5 Fiction:  Pliny the Elder writes about dyeing blue tekhelet from murex snails. Fact:     The only dyeing from murex mentioned by Pliny are shades of red and purple. 

  22. Support of Sepia # 1 Fiction:   Cuttlefish cannot exist in sand. Fact:       Cuttlefish spend their days buried in the sand (Columbia Encyclopedia, entry for “Cuttlefish”)

  23. Support of Sepia # 2 Fiction:   Cuttlefish fail the requirement of coming up rarely Fact:      Periodic mass strandings of cuttlefish have been recorded. (Research by Grimpe)

  24. Support of Sepia # 3 Fiction:   Chilazon means snail and cannot refer to a cuttlefish. Fact:      Actually, in modern Hebrew, chilazon can mean snail, slug, oyster, or more generally, gastropod.  Therefore, chilazon is a much more general term than just snail.  The key issue, however, is how the term was used 2000 years ago. 

  25. Support of Sepia # 4 Fiction:Radzyner Tekhelet cannot be genuine because it fades in soap and hot water.Fact: The Talmud records that a sage used to protect his tzitzit when sent to the cleaner. Rabbeinu Gershom explains this was to keep the tekhelet from being ruined. Thus, fading in soap and hot water is a known characteristic of the chilazon.

  26. Support of Sepia # 4 Fiction:   The Talmud requires the chilazon to have an exterior shell, whereas the cuttlefish has an interior shell. Fact:      The Midrash implies that the chilazon has a shell, but nowhere does it imply that the shell is an exterior shell, as opposed to an interior shell. The cuttlefish has a hard, interior shell.

  27. Support of Sepia # 5 In fact, it seems certain that chilazon must have included cuttlefish since the Talmud states that the chilazon was used as a treatment for hemorrhoids.  It is well documented that cuttlefish ink (sepia) was used for that purpose in ancient times (as noted in 1st century texts by Pliny the Elder, Celsus and Dioscorides) and is still used today.  Thus, it seems clear that the Talmud was referring to the cuttlefish when using the term chilazon as a treatment for hemorrhoids.

  28. Attack Against all Theories After the Radziner has clarified that something has been lost and he rediscovered it will we be obligated to listen to him and wear it. However, if we say that the fish was in existence and the manner of extracting its dye was known during all the time that has passed since tekhelet stopped being used in Israel and yet our fathers and forefathers did not wear it, then it is as if we have a tradition and a transmission from our ancestors that this fish and its dye are not the chilazon and the tekhelet, despite its having all the signs which our sages have designated.

  29. Attack Against all Theories • Rav Willig – Change in society • Rav Eliyashiv – din Kanaf • Benjy Kwalwasser – Tzitzit Tzarich Kisui & be humble

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