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Exercise is Good for the Brain

Feb 25, 2006; Vol. 169, No. 8. Exercise is Good for the Brain. Judy L. Cameron, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh Dept. of Psychiatry Dept. of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine Director, Outreach for the Clinical Translational Science Institute and

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Exercise is Good for the Brain

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  1. Feb 25, 2006; Vol. 169, No. 8 Exercise is Good for the Brain Judy L. Cameron, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh Dept. of Psychiatry Dept. of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine Director, Outreach for the Clinical Translational Science Institute and The Oregon National Primate Research Center Senior Scientist

  2. Experimental Model:Rhesus monkeys and Cynomolgus monkeys

  3. Bill Greenough Running wheel Cage potato Complex environment

  4. Two age groups Middle aged (10-12 years) Older age (15-17 years) Exercise TrainingFemale Cynomolgus Monkeys Three experimental groups Runners (run 5 months) Sedentary (sit 5 months) Run-Stops (run 5 mo, sit 3 mo) Running protocol 80% max heart rate 1 hr/day, 5 days/week 20 weeks

  5. Cognitive Testing: WGTA

  6. Monkeys that exercise are more attentive, and learn to use the testing apparatus twice as fast.

  7. What is the affect of being more alert and attentive while you are in school??

  8. Running Increases Vascular Volume in the Motor Cortex of Older Animals BrdU-labeled endothelial cell Sedentary Runner Run-Stop

  9. * * * * Middle-aged Mature Middle-aged Mature Middle-aged Mature * * * Running Increased Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus of Middle-aged Monkeys * Middle age Older age bIII tubulin BrdU

  10. * * * * Middle-aged Mature Middle-aged Mature Middle-aged Mature * * * Running Increased the Production of Astrocytes in the Motor Cortex * BrdU S100 NeuN * Middle age Older age

  11. Conclusions: • Exercise increases vascular volume in the cortex, neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and gliogenesis in many brain regions. Clinical Implications: Exercise may counteract changes in the brain with aging, and protect against neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., PD, AD, & stroke)

  12. Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise Zhiming Zhang, Ph.D. Univ. Kentucky Michael Zigmond, Ph.D. Rehana Leak, Ph.D. Brian Lopresti, Ph.D. Chet Mathis, Ph.D. Univ. Pittsburgh Karoly Mirnics, Ph.D. Vanderbilt Univ. NINDS: R21 NS053471, P50 NS019608

  13. Parkinson’s Disease Norm PD Substantia nigra Braak et al., 2004 Lewy body

  14. Experimental Design Adult, female Rhesus monkeys (15-20 yrs. old) MPTP (0.8 mg) Running (1 hr/day, 5 days/wk) [Sedentary, 60% max hr, 80% max hr] Running/Sedentary 3 months 1.5 months

  15. * * * Middle-aged Mature Middle-aged Mature Middle-aged Mature * * * Monkeys with Highest Levels of Physical Activity had the Least Damage to Nigrostriatal Dopamine Neurons

  16. * * * Middle-aged Mature Middle-aged Mature Middle-aged Mature * * * Monkeys with Highest Levels of Physical Activity had the Least Damage to Nigrostriatal Dopamine Neurons

  17. Conclusions: • Being more active, regardless of the quantity of aerobic exercise undertaken, can protect DA neurons in the striatum from neurotoxic damage Clinical Implications: Maintaining an active lifestyle may significantly protect the brain against neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Parkinson’s Disease), or be useful in decreasing the rate of progression of Parkinson’s Disease. This is a health strategy that would be accessible to many people regardless of their baseline fitness.

  18. Changes in the Brain with Normal Activity Elinor Sullivan, Ph.D. ONPRC Karoly Mirnics, Ph.D. Vanderbilt Univ.

  19. Monkeys Have Been Fitted with Activity Monitors

  20. There are LARGE individual differences in daily activity levels

  21. Does General Activity Affect Health?

  22. Monkeys put on a High Fat Diet Show Large Individual Differences in Weight Gain 190 170 150 Percent weight gain 130 110 90 70 50 Initial Weight After Ovx 5 mo High fat diet 9 mo High fat diet

  23. Lowest 25% Lowest 25% Lowest 25% Highest 25% Highest 25% Highest 25% Only Activity Predicts Body Weight Change in Adulthood Activity Food Intake Metabolic Rate 12 12 12 p =0.14 p =0.03 p =0.58 10 10 10 8 8 8 Percent Change Body Weight 6 6 6 * 4 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 0

  24. Conclusion: • Being more active is the best way to prevent adult weight gain. Clinical Implications: Maintaining an active lifestyle is very important for preventing adult weight gain and obesity. With 60% of the adult population in the United States overweight, increasing activity is critically important for prevention of obesity-related diseases including heart attacks, strokes, and diabetes.

  25. Current and Future Directions • What are the intracellular mechanisms by which exercise modulates neuronal function? • What are the differential effects of high activity vs. aerobic exercise? • Will exercise be useful as a therapy or adjunct therapy in treating: • Substance abuse (smoking: Drs. Kupfer, Soreca and Monk) • Depression and Bipolar Disorder(Drs. Kupfer, Frank) • Neurodegenerative diseases (Drs. Zigmond, Zhang, Mirnics) • Normal aging (Drs. Zigmond, Mirnics)

  26. Neuroanatomy Sean Kohler Jenny Boklewski Georgina Aldridge Robert Galvez Physiological Studies Nathan Rockcastle Joan Bytheway, Ph.D. Kris McCormick Henry Lange Matt Johnson Maria Centeno, Ph.D. Biochemistry, Gene Expression Amanda Mitchell, Ph.D. Krassimira Garbett Amanda Smith, Ph.D. Sandra Castro

  27. Questions?

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