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Adolescent Substance Abuse

Adolescent Substance Abuse. John Sargent, M.D. Learning Objectives: 1)Learn features associated with substance abuse in adolescents. 2) Learn a clinical approach to treating substance abusing adolescents and their families. Current Massachusetts Data (within last month). Alcohol use 40%

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Adolescent Substance Abuse

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  1. Adolescent Substance Abuse John Sargent, M.D.

  2. Learning Objectives: • 1)Learn features associated with substance abuse in adolescents. • 2) Learn a clinical approach to treating substance abusing adolescents and their families

  3. Current Massachusetts Data (within last month) • Alcohol use 40% • Binge drinking 40% • Marijuana use 16% • Cigarette use 35%, regular use 20% (from Kids Count, Casey Foln)

  4. Adolescents because of immaturity of impulse control and judgment are especially prone to experimentation with drug & alcohol use

  5. Novelty seeking, poor parental supervision and peer involvement further reinforce use

  6. Adolescent autonomy and freedom offer opportunities for use

  7. Teens with ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Trauma history and school failure are especially at risk

  8. Situations with limited opportunity, easy access to drugs, routine family and community use amplify use

  9. Specific risks of drug use: • Binge Drinking • Inexperience coupled with impulsivity • Secondary problem – unwanted sexual behavior, rape • Disinhibition • Driving while intoxicated

  10. Addiction with associated withdrawal is rare in adolescence, however other consequences are common – poor school performance, family conflict and legal difficulties

  11. Drug use is indicative of a health-compromising lifestyle • Drug use is a choice, something that one willfully does for definable reasons • Parents are important throughout adolescence • When teens are using drugs a great deal, there are consequences that are upsetting to them • Some drug use is normal

  12. Assessment • Substance Use History • Drugs used • Frequency of use • Places used

  13. Type of use: impulsive, planned, measured • Goals of use of each drug • Progression of use

  14. Consequences of Use • Costs • Drug influenced behaviors • Arrests

  15. School failure • Peer relations • Pregnancy

  16. Erratic and unreliable behavior • Lying • Irritability, argumentativeness, relationship problems

  17. Mental Health Co morbidities • Depression • Anxiety • Post trauma difficulties • Sequellae of childhood maltreatment

  18. ADHD • Bipolar Disorder • Adolescent schizophrenia • Eating disorders, especially bulimia

  19. Family Situation and Relationships • Socioeconomic concerns • Parental mental health concerns, especially mood disorders • Parental substance use • Parenting style especially supervision and monitoring

  20. Parental response to drug use • Marital or post divorce conflict • Parental preoccupation

  21. Be sure to assess strengths, capacities, interests and possibilities

  22. Approach to Treatment • Motivation is malleable • Relationships critical • Treatment individualized • Planning and flexibility operate together

  23. Domains of adolescent function • Identify development/support autonomy linked with responsibility • Peers • Bonding to prosocial institutions

  24. Racial/cultural issues • Health/sexuality • Drug use

  25. Look for impairments in 2 or more domains • Look for development detouring effects • Multiple approaches • Multiple targets • Multiple interventions

  26. Treatment involves… • Development • Preventing problem behavior • Therapy • Individual • Family • Treatment parameters time, space, frequency, etc

  27. Motivational interviewing can be very useful in helping youth appreciate consequences of drug use and deciding if drug use furthers their personal goals

  28. Attend to Risk: • Economic Deprivation • Parental Difficulty • Family Conflict

  29. Poor parental management • Poor conflict resolution • Frustration – relief through disconnect with child

  30. Family primary location for child treatment • Buffers negative peer environment • Goal interdependence

  31. Engagement of parents • hopeful, enthusiastic and realistic • question denial

  32. Offer respectful interest in teen • especially attentive to strengths and interests • quiet concern about problems that have been drug related • offer opportunity to join treatment team

  33. Develop drug free expectation • rules • monitoring • consequences • reparations • parental collaboration

  34. Decide how to deal with crises • suicide • intoxication • arrest • school responses • peer difficulties

  35. Promoting positive family interaction • conflict resolution • supportive engagement • hope for sober outcomes

  36. addressing family conflicts openly • constructive not punitive • reinforcing drug free activities • enhancing communication

  37. Encouraging adolescent voice and goals – individual sessions

  38. Dealing with relapses • harm reduction

  39. Encouraging engagement with mutual support organizations and drug treatment programs

  40. Engage family in treatment of • co morbid problems in child • Co morbid problems in parent

  41. Prevention efforts: • Enhancement of academic opportunities • Provide treatment for co morbid problems • Engage families in shared activities • Provide after school opportunities – activities, sports, jobs

  42. Target especially at risk teens • Build drug-free recreation experiences

  43. Resources • Schools • Jobs • Prosocial Support • Activities • Medical • Other

  44. Goals • Build a therapeutic alliance with the adolescent • Create a collaborative agenda • Establish a developmental – ecological framework of treatment

  45. Improve functioning in several developmental domains • Transform a drug – using lifestyle into a developmentally normal lifestyle • Facilitate developmentally adaptive competence in multiple settings

  46. Build a therapeutic alliance with a parent • Create a collaborative agenda • Establish a developmental – ecological framework • Facilitate parental commitment

  47. Prevent parental abdication • Facilitate an improved relationship or improved communication between the parent and adolescent • Increase knowledge about and effectiveness of parenting practices (e.g. limit setting, monitoring, appropriate autonomy granting)

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