OUR TECHNOLOGY NBCM as a Fire Extinguishing Medium

1. Shemical® Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals OUR TECHNOLOGY NBCM as a Fire Extinguishing Medium HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK NEXT

2. Shemical® Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals FIVE CLASSES OF FIRE There are four types of fire commonly seen, and one type rarely seen in the United States. They are described as below: Class “A” These fires involve ordinary combustible materials as fuel, such as wood, paper, plastics, rubber and cloth. Class “B” These fires involve flammable and combustible liquids such as gasoline, alcohol, diesel oil, oil based paints, lacquers, etc, and flammable gas. Class “C” These are fires involved energized electrical equipment. When the electricity is cut off, these fires are treated as a Class A or Class B type. Class “D” These fires involve combustible metals. These are rarely seen, but these metals such as magnesium, titanium and sodium are used in automobile, machinery and construction industry. Class “K” These fires involve vegetable oils, animal oils, or fats in cooking appliances. This is used for commercial kitchens, including those found in restaurants, cafeterias and caterers. HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK NEXT

3. Shemical® Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS A fire extinguisher may emits a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical. Below are some of the common fire extinguishing mediums for fire extinguishers. Water Water is the most common chemical for class A fires and is quite effective as one would imagine. Water has a great effect on cooling the fuel surfaces and thereby reducing the pyrolysis rate of the fuel. The gaseous effect is minor for extinguishers, but water fog nozzles used by fire brigades creates water droplets small enough to be able to extinguish flaming gases as well. The smaller the droplets, the bigger the gaseous effect. Most water based extinguishers also contain traces of other chemicals to prevent the extinguisher rusting. Some also contain surfactants which help the water penetrate deep into the burning material and cling better to steep surfaces. Water may or may not help extinguishing class B fires. It depends on whether or not the liquid's molecules are polar molecules. If the liquid that is burning is polar (such as alcohol), there won't be any problem. If the liquid is nonpolar (such as large hydrocarbons, like petroleum), the water will merely spread the flames around. Similarly, water sprayed on an electrical fire (US: Class C, UK: Class E) will probably cause the operator to receive an electric shock. (However, if the power can be reliably disconnected and a carbon dioxide or halon extinguisher is not available, clean water will actually cause less damage to electrical equipment than will either foam or dry powders). Special spray nozzles, equipped with tiny rotating devices called spiracles will replace the continuous water jet with a succession of droplets, greatly increasing the resistivity of the jet. These shall however be used by skilled personnel, since improper handling of the nozzle may restore continuity of the water jet. HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK NEXT

4. Shemical® Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS Foams Foams are commonly used on class B fires, and are also effective on class A fires. These are mainly water based, with a foaming agent so that the foam can float on top of the burning liquid and break the interaction between the flames and the fuel surface. Ordinary foams are designed to work on nonpolar flammable liquids such as petrol (gasoline), but may break down too quickly in polar liquids such as alcohol or glycol. Facilities which handle large amounts of flammable polar liquids use a specialized "alcohol foam" instead. Alcohol foams must be gently "poured" across the burning liquid. If the fire cannot be approached closely enough to do this, they should be sprayed onto an adjacent solid surface so that they run gently onto the burning liquid. Ordinary foams work better if "poured" but it is not critical. A "protein foam" was used for fire suppression in aviation crashes until the 1960s development of "light water", also known as "Aqueous Film-Forming Foam" (or AFFF). Carbon dioxide (later sodium bicarbonate) extinguishers were used to knock down the flames and foam used to prevent re-ignition of the fuel fumes. "Foaming the runway" can reduce friction and sparks in a crash landing, and protein foam continued to be used for that purpose, although FAA regulations prohibited reliance upon its use for suppression. Wet potassium salts (“Wet Chemical”) Most class F (class K in the US) extinguishers contain a solution of potassium acetate, sometimes with some potassium citrate or potassium bicarbonate. The extinguishers spray the agent out as a fine mist. The mist acts to cool the flame front, while the potassium salts saponify the surface of the burning cooking oil, producing a layer of foam over the surface. This solution thus provides a similar blanketing effect to a foam extinguisher, but with a greater cooling effect. The saponification only works on animal fats and vegetable oils, so class F extinguishers cannot be used for class B fires. The misting also helps to prevent splashing the blazing oil. HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK NEXT

5. Shemical® Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS Phosphorous tribromide Like Halon, phosphorus tribromide is a flame chemistry poison, marketed under the brand name PhostrEx. PhostrEx is a liquid which needs a propellant, such as compressed nitrogen and/or helium, to disperse onto a fire. As a fire extinguisher PhostrEx is much more potent than Halon making it particularly appealing for aviation use as a lightweight substitute. Unlike Halon, PhostrEx reacts quickly with atmospheric moisture to break down into phosphorus acid and hydrogen bromide, neither of which harm the earth's ozone layer. High concentrations of PhostrEx can cause skin blistering and eye irritation, but since so little is needed to put out flames this problem is not a significant risk, especially in applications where dispersal is confined within an engine compartment. Any skin or eye contact with PhostrEx should be rinsed with ordinary water as soon as practical. PhostrEx is not especially corrosive to metals, although it can tarnish some. The U.S. EPA and FAA both approved PhostrEx, and the substance will find its first major use in Eclipse Aviation’s jet aircraft as an engine fire suppression system. Fluorocarbons Recently, DuPont has begun marketing several nearly saturated fluoroarons under the trademarks FE-13, FE-25, FE-36, FE-227, and FE-241. These materials are claimed to have all the advantageous properties of halons, but lower toxicity, and zero ozone depletion potential. They require about 50% greater concentration for equivalent fire quenching. HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK NEXT

6. Shemical® Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS Halons Halons are very versatile extinguishers. They will extinguish most types of fire except class D & K/F and are highly effective even at quite low concentrations (less than 5%). Halon is a poor extinguisher for Class A fires, a nine pound Halon extinguisher only receives a 1-A rating and tends to be easily deflected by the wind. They are the only fire extinguishing agents that are quite suitable for discharge in aircraft (as other materials pose a corrosion hazard to the aircraft). Halon fire-suppression systems are also incorporated into some armored fighting vehicles, such as the M1 Abrams tank. The major extinguishing effect is by disturbing the thermal balance of the flame, and to a small extent by inhibiting the chemical reaction of the fire. Halons are chlorofluorocarbons causing damage to the ozone layer and are being phased out for more environmentally-friendly alternatives. Halon fire extinguishers may cost upwards of 800 US dollars due to production and import restrictions. Halon extinguishers used to be widely used in vehicles and computer suites. It is mildly toxic in confined spaces, but to a far less extent than its predecessors such as carbon tetrachloride, chlorobromomethane and methyl bromide. Since 1992 the sale and service of Halon extinguishers has been made illegal in Canada due to environmental concerns except for in a few rare cases, as per the Montreal Protocol. Specialized materials for Class D Class D fires involve extremely high temperatures and highly reactive fuels. For example, burning magnesium metal breaks water down to hydrogen gas and causes an explosion; breaks halon down to toxic phosgene and fluorophosgene and may cause a rapid phase transition explosion; and continues to burn even when completely smothered by nitrogen gas or carbon dioxide (in the latter case, also producing toxic carbon monoxide). Consequently, there is no one type of extinguisher agent that is approved for HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK NEXT

7. Shemical® Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS all class D fires; rather, there are several common types and a few rarer ones, and each must be compatibility approved for the particular hazard being guarded. Additionally, there are important differences in the way each one is operated, so the operators must receive special training. Some example class D chemistries include: Finely granulated sodium chloride and graphite applied by a shaker, scoop or shovel. Suitable for sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium, aluminum, and most other metal fires. Finely powdered graphite, applied with a long handled scoop, is preferred for fires in fine powders of reactive metals, where the blast of pressure from an extinguisher may stir up the powder and cause a dust explosion. Graphite both smothers the fire and conducts away heat. Finely powdered copper propelled by compressed argon is the currently preferred method for lithium fires. It smothers the fire, dilutes the fuel, and conducts away heat. It is capable of clinging to dripping molten lithium on vertical surfaces. Graphite can also be used on lithium fires but only on a level surface. Other materials sometimes used include powdered sodium carbonate, powdered dolomite and argon gas. As a very poor last resort dry sand may be used to smother a metal fire if nothing else is available, applied with a long-handled shovel to avoid the operator receiving flash burns. Sand is, however, notorious for collecting moisture, and even the smallest trace of moisture may result in a steam explosion, spattering burning molten metal around. HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK NEXT

8. Shemical® Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals SHE Extinguisher FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS SHE Extinguisher by Shemical International (USA) LLC. combines the knowledge of nanotechnology and biotechnology in using the unique colloidal chemistry to generate a state of the art formulations of the innovative Nano Biotech Colloidal Micelles (NBCM). SHE Extinguisher uses NBCM which are mild but are amazingly powerful colloidal micelles made of Safety, Health and Environment Chemicals. In the formulation of SHE Extinguisher, it consists of NBCM which are very fine molecules with spherical aggregate structure which remain in suspension indefinitely and are not affected by gravity when dispersed in a liquid colloid. It is surrounded by a cloud of tightly bound ions. The NBCM aggregates form in order to minimize the free energy of the solution. They are dynamic but equilibrium structures and able to rearrange in response to changing environmental conditions. They also undergo thermal fluctuations and Brownian motion. It works well with hard, soft, cold, hot, fresh and salt water. Illustration of Nano Biotech Colloidal Micelles. The hydrophobic poles attract to each other forming interior micelles cluster and the hydrophilic poles form a powerful outer surface. HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK NEXT

9. Shemical® Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals SHE Extinguisher FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS NBCM in SHE Extinguisher can be explained as a sub-division of physical chemistry in colloidal chemistry comprising of the phenomena characteristic of matter when one or more of its dimension lie in the range between 1 nanometer and 100 nanometer. In this nature of science, the dimension of NBCM are more important than the nature of the material. In the size range of nanometer, the surface area of NBCM are much greater than its volume that unusual phenomena of colloidal micelles in SHE Extinguisher will occur as following: • They have very high wetting property which are able to penetrate deep into burning materials. • They are one of the only fire extinguishing mediums which can be applied both on polar (alcohol) and non polar (hydrocarbon) flammable and combustible liquids. • They will penetrate and breakdown organic and hydrocarbon particles and lift it up in nano and micro emulsions without harming the working surfaces. • They do not settle out of the suspension of gravity. • They will be small enough to pass through porous surface like burning charcoal. • They will move in at least one dimension randomly. • They have the velocity that will move endlessly without stopping. • They will reduce the surface tension in water or water solutions. • They are not affected by the hardness of water which make them possible to use with either freshwater or seawater. HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK NEXT

10. Shemical® Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals SHE Extinguisher How do NBCM in SHE Extinguisher work as a fire extinguishing medium? SHE Extinguisher as Class “A” fire extinguisher Water is the most common fire extinguishing medium for Class “A” fire extinguisher. SHE Extinguisher is a water base fire extinguishing medium with very high wetting property which also can be used to replace water to cool the fuel surfaces and to reduce the pyrolysis rate of fuel. The high hydrophilic property of NBCM will be able to extinguish flaming gases better than using water alone. It will be able to penetrate deep into the porous and non porous burning materials and thus put off the fire effectively. SHE Extinguisher as Class “B” and Class “K” fire extinguishers SHE Extinguisher is a water base fire extinguishing medium. SHE Extinguisher with NBCM fire extinguishing property is different from traditional fire extinguishing technologies. It uses the molecular attraction of cationic (positive ions) and anionic (negative ions). NBCM do not have any ionic groups and do not react with hard water ions. They have hydrophilic poles and hydrophobic poles. In a colloidal solution, if the amount of NBCM are increased, there will come to a point where they can no longer accumulate at the surface. The NBCM molecules will find other ways of shielding their hydrophobic tails from water. The NBCM molecules will aggregate into a cluster in which the tails point inwards. The head groups will form a water soluble shell in the outer surface. When SHE Extinguisher is in contact with nonpolar flammable cooking oil (hydrocarbon) molecules, the center of NBCM bonds to a similar hydrophobic cooking oil (hydrocarbon). They surround and separate (emulsify) cooking oil (hydrocarbon) molecules from each other and/or the surface to which they cling. Once the cooking oil (hydrocarbon) is surrounded and separated through the disruption in the attraction to the other cooking oil (hydrocarbon) molecules and/or to the surface, the flammable cooking oil (hydrocarbon) can be put off easily through micro and nano emulsification process. When SHE Extinguisher is in contact with polar flammable liquid (alcohol), the water in it will dilute and mix with the alcohol to break the interaction between the flames and the surface of the liquid. Thus, it will put off the fire quickly. HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK NEXT

11. Ammonium sulphate Potassium acetate 18. Potassium citrate Phosgene Fluorophosgene Sodium chloride Halons (Chloroflurocarbons, CFC) Graphite Copper Argon gas Dolomite Silica Ozone depleting substances Helium Shemical® SHE ExtinguisherHow do NBCM work in nonpolar fire extinguishing? Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals SHE Extinguisher does not use the following materials: • Corrosive chemicals • Petroleum distillates • Carbon tetrachloride • Chlorobromomethane • Methyl bromide • Carbon dioxide • Carbon monoxide • Sodium bicarbonate • Phosphorus tribromide • Phosphorus acid • Hydrogen bromide • Potassium bicarbonate • Nitrogen • Urea • Monoammonium phosphates HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK NEXT

12. Shemical® Safety, Health & EnvironmentChemicals SHE Extinguisher How do NBCM work in nonpolar fire extinguishing? SHE Extinguisher NBCM SHE Extinguisher surface Nonpolar liquid surface Figure 1. NBCM attack the particle of nonpolar liquid. Figure 2. NBCM surround the particle of nonpolar liquid. SHE Extinguisher SHE Extinguisher surface surface Figure 3. NBCM break the particle of nonpolar liquid. Figure 4. The particles of nonpolar come off to the surface & remain suspended in the water of SHE Extinguisher. represents HOME TECHNOLOGY BACK