Portugal

1. Portugal By: Mary Feit, Oscar Juarez, Brenda Martinez and Xochytl Nuñez

2. Objective one: what led to European Exploration • Desire for new sources of wealth (main reason) • Trade of spices and luxury goods from Asia • Introduced during the crusades fought between Christians and Muslims • After the crusades Europeans still wanted spices

3. Europeans Seeking New Trades Routes • Desire for new sources of wealth main reason for exploration. • Trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia was what merchants and traders hoped to profit from. • Types of spices demanded were; nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper because they added flavor to food. Asians  Muslims  Italians  Other Europeans

4. Bartolomeu Dias • Early Portuguese explorer • The first European to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa • Set sail in 1487 • His voyage opened the saw route to Asia through the Atlantic & Indian Ocean • He was the last at sea when he reached the Cape of Good Hope • “To serve God and His Majesty to give light to those who are in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.”

5. Christianity and Exploration • Desire to spread Christianity also motivated Europeans to explore • European countries believed they were obliged to convert non-Christians around the world • Not only did they wants goods from Asia they also hoped to convert them.

6. Objective Two: Portugal’s discovery of a sea route to Asia • Prince Henry took lead • Began in 1415 • Where he helped conquer Muslim city in North Africa. That’s when it all started he got a glimpse at it and found gold and many more spices that he could use back at home.

7. Prince Henry • Called the navigator, the son of Portugal’s King, • Consumed by the quest to find new lands and spread Christianity • Used his own fortune to organize voyages • He died in debt • The Portuguese spent crown spent more than 60 years paying of his debts. • Helped conquer the Muslim city of Ceuta in North Africa

8. Vasco de Gama • Portuguese explorer • Commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India • He filled his ships with spices like pepper and cinnamon and returned in 1499 • His voyage of 27,000 miles gave Portugal a direct sea route to India

9. Portugal’s Trading Empire • Portugal built a trading empire throughout the Indian Ocean • In 1509, Portugal took control of the spice trade from the Muslim merchants • Portugal broke the old Muslim-Italian domination on trade from the East, to the benefit of the Europeans. Portuguese merchants brought back Asian goods at about one-fifth of the price compared to the cost when purchased through the Arabs and Italians. As a result, items were more affordable for more Europeans

10. Objective Three: the rivalry between Spain and Portugal and how the pope resolved it • Spain was jealous of Portugal because of how advanced they were becoming. So they also wanted a direct route to Asia. • Tried to compete in Africa and Asia but they couldn’t then Columbus accidently found America. • Portuguese were worried that Spain had found Asia and tensions got worse • Pope Alexander VI made the Treaty of Tordesillas

11. Ferdinand Magellan • Portuguese explorer • He worked under King Charles I of Spain to find a westward route to the Spice Islands. • He led the first expedition to cross the Pacific Ocean and to circumnavigate the world.

12. Treaty of Tordesillas • Signed on June 7, 1494. • It divided all of the lands outside of Europe between Spain and Portugal. • The line of demarcation was made halfway between the Cape Verde islands and the islands discovered by Christopher Columbus.

13. Technology/Tools in Exploration • Advance in technology • New Vessel called Caravel adopted from the Arabs. Triangular sails for maneuverability and square sails for power. • Used the astrolabe to better their location and direction. A Chinese invention that Muslims perfected

14. Portuguese in Africa • In 1415, Prince Henry conquered the city of Ceuta in North Africa • In Ceuta, the Portuguese found pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and other spices as well as gold, silver, and jewels. • In 1460, the Portuguese had established trading posts along western Africa’s shores. • Eventually, they began to trade African captives to be used as slaves

15. Portuguese in Brazil • In 1500, Cabral claimed the land of Brazil for Portugal. • The colonists began settling Brazil’s costal region in the 1530s. • The settlers began to grow sugar on giant sugar plantations. • Europe had a high demand for sugar • In time, the colonists pushed farther west into Brazil, giving them even more land for the production of sugar.

17. Works Cited • "Bartolomeu Dias." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 03 Apr. 2012. Web. 05 Mar. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias>. • "Prince Henry of Portugal." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Feb. 2012. Web. 05 Mar. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Portugal>. • "Vasco De Gama." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 03 Jan. 2012. Web. 05 Mar. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_de_gama>. • "Treaty of Tordesillas." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Feb. 2012. Web. 05 Mar. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_tordesillas>. • "Ferdinand Magellan." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Feb. 2012. Web. 05 Mar. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_magellan>. • Beck, Roger B. World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2009. Print.