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Foreign Policy of Cardoso Administration (1995-2003)

Explore the foreign policy of Fernando Henrique Cardoso's administration, focusing on soft power, economic power, and refurbishing Brazil's national image. Analyze relations with the USA, MERCOSUR, WTO, BRIC, and other strategic partners.

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Foreign Policy of Cardoso Administration (1995-2003)

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  1. FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE CARDOSO Administration (1995-2003)

  2. Fernando Henrique Cardoso • Son of a Army general from Rio de Janeiro • Academic • Political economist • Graduate work in USA • Founder of Brazilian Social Democratic leaders • Reputation gained by taming inflation during administration of President Itamar Franco Biographical Highlights President of Brazil (1995-2003)

  3. Change with Continuity: Basic Theme of Cardoso Foreign Policy • Emphasis on “soft power” • Brazilian sift power used to reshape international environment with “regimes”more favorable to Brazilian interests • Military power downplayed • Military balance seen as less important • Emphasis on economic power

  4. Autonomy through Participation • Transitory economic recovery • Economic downturn 1986-87 • Writing a new constitution (1987-88) • Constitutional convention dominated by traditional political class • Two rounds of voting for president if no candidate has first round majority • Senate & Chamber of deputies favors traditional areas of the country

  5. Refurbishing the National Image • Rebuild international credibility on the basis of internal stability • Trustworthiness facilitates some foreign investment • International good will toward Brazil increases • Tony Blair • Bill Clinton • Residual negative feelings toward Brazil persist • Low rate of economic growth limits limits possibility of using foreign policy to gain strategic advantage

  6. Cardos: Relations with the USA • 1997 – Brazil signs Nuclear non-proliferation Treaty • Put off FTTA for as long as possible • Relations grew more rocky toward end of Cardoso’s second term * Explicit acknowledgement of the “central position” of USA in world order * Limits “special relationship” 1997 – Clinton visits Latin America 2001 - Cardoso at White House

  7. MERCOSUR & South America • * Cooperation with Argentina’s Carlos Menem • * Mercosul consolidated as a customs union • Joint adherence with Argentina into NNPT • Defense of democracy • * Movement to transform Mercosul into a common market (Oro Preto Protocol – 1994) • Mercosur/Mercosul's flag in the city of Brasília, Brazil

  8. Cardoso & WTO (membership – 153 countries) established 1995 • Functions:• Administering WTO trade agreements• Forum for trade negotiations• Handling trade disputes• Monitoring national trade policies• Technical assistance and training for developing countries• Cooperation with other international organizations • Signed Marrakesh Protocol – created WTO • Priority given to multilateral organizations • Assistance provided for Brazilian business • Subsidies to Bombardier by Canadian gvt. • Pressure on U.S. pharmaceudicals to break patents on NIV/Aids drugs

  9. Cardoso & the Beginning of BRIC • Charles Tang, Chairman of the Brazil-China Chamber of Industry & Commerce • Cardoso & Putin • Trade increases but remains small * Cardoso visits China twice * In 2002 China becomes # 2 trading partner with Brazil Trade between Brazil & India hardly increases

  10. Other Strategic Partners • Japan • Important trading partner • Did not participate in purchase of privatized Brazilian companies • Ties strengthened with Japanese-Brazilian community • Portugal • Purchase of privatized state companies • Increased Brazilian presence in Portuguese speaking Africa • Peace keeping mission to Angola • Cuba • Relations stable • Cardoso constant critic of U.S. economic embargo

  11. January 1, 2003 Democratic transition from from Fernando Henrique Cardoso to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

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