1 / 65

Summary of the material to be tested in the exam #2: Chapters 4-7

Ch.4: Cameras photography How cameras work; camera settings; Taking good pictures; Ch.5: Human Eye & Vision Eye & camera: similarities & differences How eye works & how image is formed; Ch.6: Optical instruments & vision correction Vision problems and correction;

arleen
Download Presentation

Summary of the material to be tested in the exam #2: Chapters 4-7

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Ch.4: Cameras photography How cameras work; camera settings; Taking good pictures; Ch.5: Human Eye & Vision Eye & camera: similarities & differences How eye works & how image is formed; Ch.6: Optical instruments & vision correction Vision problems and correction; How eyeglasses & optical lenses work; Microscope and magnifying glass; Telescopes; Ch.7: Image processing by eye Lateral inhibition & temporal response; Illusions & afterimages. Summary of the material to be tested in the exam #2: Chapters 4-7 • Exam: • 11 multiple choice questions; • Problems (2-3 per chapter); • 1 Extra-credit problem. • Nothing on Chapter 9 (color) • Information/preparation: • http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys1230/phys1230_fa08/Exams.htm • Exam assignment/solutions from 2007; • Practicing problems: find answers; • Reading Material; • Help: additional office hours (F-521); • Solutions will be posted on the web page soon after the exam;

  2. An example of a possible exam question:

  3. An example of a possible exam question: • The instructor has eyeglasses of lens power -1.5D. Will he be able to see a student cheating in the opposite part of our lecture room? • A. Yes; • B. No. • Teaching assistant wears eyeglasses of lens power 2D. He came to do exam proctoring but forgot his eyeglasses. Will he be able to see a student cheating in the opposite part of our lecture room? • A. Yes; • B. No. • What if he forgets to bring his eyeglasses? • A. Yes; • B. No.

  4. Chapter 8: Binocular vision & perception of depth: we skip this chapter now, but will learn the main points later (3D movies, etc.)

  5. Chapter 9: Color How to identify and classify color Wavelength colors Intensity distribution curve Hue, saturation and brightness "Color tree" or "cylinder" Chromaticity diagrams and how to use them Physics 1230: LightandColorChapter 9 (with some material from Chapter 8) • What happens when you add colored lights together (additive mixing)? • Additive primaries (RGB) • Spectral complements • Partitive mixing of colored dots: TV • How do color filters work (subtractive mixing) • Water colors & printers inks • Paints and pigments

  6. Spectral colors are the color sensations we perceive in a rainbow or spectrum of a prism Demo with prism Other names for spectral colors Wavelength colors (because they each can be identified by one and only one wavelength) Monochromaticcolors (mono means one, chromos means wavelength color) Examples: 650 nm red, 530 nm green, 460 nm blue We are able to distinguish more than a million different colors Most colors that we see are not spectral colors. Examples: White Pink Brown What are spectral colors?

  7. In order to specify a mixture of wavelength colors we need to describe how much of each one is present in the mixture The best way to do this is to plot a curve - the intensity-distribution curve Each point on the horizontal axis is a different wavelength color The vertical distance of the curve from x-axis tells us how much of that wavelength color is present in the mixture! You would see the intensity distribution if you passed this light through a prism! A pure spectral color would have an intensity distribution curve consisting of only one vertical line (at its wavelength) This is the intensity-distribution curve of light from a White fluorescent tube Most colors can be described by a (different) intensity-distribution curve Most colors that we see are mixtures of spectral (wavelength) colors.

  8. Intensity distributions for color filters

  9. Hue is specified by the dominant wavelength color in the intensity-distribution curve Saturation is the purity of a color (absence of other wavelengths). The pure spectral colors are the most saturated Brightness refers to the sensation of overall intensity of a color Desaturatatedorange = saturatedorange + white Bright white Orange Grey Brown (same) Black Blue Blue How we characterize colors: Hue, Saturation and Brightness (HSB, recall photoshop): what they mean in terms of intensity distribution curves? Brightness Hue Saturation

  10. Here is an intensity distribution curve which gives us the sensation of yellow Here is a different intensity distribution curve which also gives us the same sensation of yellow The two colors described by the two different intenstiy curves are called metamers The same color sensation can often be produced by 2 or more differentintensity distribution curves

  11. Reflectance curve tells us how effectively part of a surface (a shirt, a part of a picture, a car, etc) reflects light of different wavelengths Reflectance curve of a magenta shirt (1 = 100%) Light and dark in terms of reflectance curves Light area in a black and white picture Dark area in a black and white picture How is a reflectance curve different from an intensity distribution curve? magentashirt

  12. Earth-orbiting satellites takepictures of Earth at differentwavelengths to determine thehealth of crops and water

  13. Color tree (e.g. Fig. 9.5 in book) Moving up the tree increases the lightness of a color Moving around a circle of given radius changes the hue of a color Moving along a radius of a circle changes the saturation (vividness) of a color These three coordinates can be described in terms of three numbers Photoshop: uses H, S and B hue lightness saturation Hue, Saturation and Brightness (HSB): One way to use 3 numbers to specify a color instead of using an intensity-distribution curve

  14. Continue Learning about perception of Color and color mixing

  15. Exam # 2 was & extra credit assignments • A. Trivial • B. Relatively easy; • C. Appropriate; • D. Difficult; • E. Overwhelmingly difficult; • A. I will do extra credit projects to improve my grade (20points/project); • B. I will not do extra credit projects;

  16. Clicker Registration, etc. • 8 students have not registered clickers!!! • Clicker grades will be updated by Monday. • Exam grades will be posted before Monday morning.

  17. In addition to using Hue, Saturation and Brightness (HSB); Many (but not all) colors can be described in terms of the relative intensities of a light mixture of a certain wavelength red, wavelength green and wavelength blue lights 650-nm red 530-nm green 460-nm blue These are called the additive primaries The mixing of the additive primaries is called additive mixing Additive mixing is usually done by mixing primary color lights with different intensities but there are other ways to be discussed later Demonstrate with Physics 2000 Red, greenandblue(RGB): RGB is another way to use 3 numbers to specify a color instead of using an intensity-distribution curve or HSB http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/tv/colortv.html yellow 650-nm red 530-nm green magenta cyan 460-nm blue

  18. Definition of complementary color (for additive mixtures): The complement of a color is a second color. When the second color is additively mixed to the first, the result is white. Blue & yellow are complementary B + Y = W. Green & magenta are complementary G + M = W Cyan and red are complementary C + R = W Magenta is not a wavelength color— it is not in the rainbow There is at most one wavelength complementary color for each wavelength color (Fig 9.9) yellow red green magenta cyan blue Complementary additive colors white

  19. Additive mixing of colored light primaries Blue added to green = cyan. Green added to red = yellow. Red added to blue = magenta.

  20. Complementary colored lights(additive mixing) Blue (primary) and yellow. Green (primary) and magenta. Red (primary) and cyan.

  21. The chromaticity diagram is in many ways similar to a color tree A chromaticity diagram has a fixed brightness or lightness for all colors Wavelength colors are on the horseshoe rim but non-wavelength colors like magenta are on the flat part of the rim Inside are the less saturated colors, including white at the interior less saturated colors saturated wavelengthcolors saturated non-wavelengthcolors Chromaticity diagrams: Yet another way to represent colors by (3) numbers

  22. y hue hue x Lightness (z) saturation saturation Chromaticity "tree" Different lightnesses are on other chromaticity diagram "slices" along the trunk of a chromaticity "tree" 3 numbers (x, y, z) specify a color color tree

  23. To identify colors with three numbers To predict the results of additive mixing To understand complementary colors To find the dominant hue of a color We will now learn the many uses of a chromaticity diagram

  24. The numbers that we use to identify a color are its x-value and y-value inside the diagram and a z-value to indicate its brightness or lightness x and y specify the chromaticity of a color Example: Apple pickers are told around the country that certain apples are best picked when they are a certaim red (see black dot) Since the chromaticity diagram is a world standard the company can tell its employees to pick when the apples have chromaticity x = 0.57 y = 0.28 The "purest" white is at x = 0.33 and y = 0.33 Chromaticity diagram can be related to colors in Photoshop Using the chromaticity diagram to identify colors

  25. An additive mixture of two wavelength colors lies along the line joining them Example: The colors seen by mixing 700 nm red and 500 nm green lie along the line shown Where along the line is the color of the mixture? Answer depends on the relative intensities of the 700 nm red and the 500 nm green. Here is what you get when the green is much more intense than the red (a green) Here is what you get when the red is much more intense than the green (a red) Here is what you get when the red is slightly more intense than the green (a yellow) Using the chromaticity diagram to understand the result of additive mixing of colors Note — this works for addingtwo colors in middle also!

  26. The complement to any wavelength color on the edge of the chromaticity diagram is obtained by drawing a straight line from that color through white to the other edge of the diagram Example: The complement to 700 nm red is 490 nm cyan Example: The complement to green is magenta - a non-wavelength color Using the chromaticity diagram to understand complementary colors

  27. To find the dominant hue of the color indicated by the black dot Draw st. line from white through the point to get dominant wavelength, and hence, hue (547 nm green) Works because additive mixture of white with a fully-saturated (wavelength) color gives the desaturated color of the original point Using the chromaticity diagram to find the dominant hue of a color in the interior of the diagram

  28. Partitive mixing is another kind of additive color mixing but not achieved by superimposing colored lights! Instead, it works by putting small patches of colors next to each other. From a distance these colors mix just as though they were colored lights superimposed on each other Examples: Seurat pointillism Color TV and computer screens (Physics 2000) Photoshop example What is partitive mixing?

  29. A color filter or colored object takes away certain wavelengths present in white light by absorbing them When light passes through a color filter or reflects from a colored object, 3 things can happen to the components of the light at each wavelength Transmission (light of a particular wavelength goes through and comes out the other side) Reflection (a particular wavelength is reflected) Absorption (a particular wavelength is soaked up by the filter or object and neither reflects nor is transmitted) Generally, different things happen at different wavelengths in the composition of the light for any particular filter or colored object Examples: Think of white light as a mixture of red, green and blue wavelengths An apple is red because when white light shines on it it absorbs (subtracts) blue and green wavelengths and reflects red wavelengths A colored filter is red because when white light shines on it absorbs (subtracts) blue and green wavelengths and transmits red wavelengths Superimposing filters and letting light go through the combination gives a very different result from superimposing the light passing through each of those filters separately Subtractive mixing It is a common misconceptionthat a filter or an appleadds color to white light!

  30. Color Filters

  31. Cyan filter subtracts red Yellow filter subtracts blue A colored filter subtracts colors by absorption. = Incident white light Only green gets through

  32. = Magenta filter subtracts green Cyan filter subtracts red A colored filter subtracts certain colors by absorption and transmits the rest Incident white light Only blue gets through

  33. Magenta filter subtracts green Yellow filter subtracts blue A colored filter subtracts colors by absorption. = Incident white light Only red gets through

  34. Exam #2: Statistics/Results/Grades • Problems with grading: can be corrected within one week; C-, C, C+ B-,B, B+ A- A A

  35. Exam # 2 was & extra credit assignments • A. Trivial • B. Relatively easy; • C. Appropriate; • D. Difficult; • E. Overwhelmingly difficult; • Extra credit projects to improve the grade (20points/project);

  36. Plans for Today • Plans: Finish Chapter #9 & continue with Chapter #10; • Final Grade: Clicker questions – 5%; HWs – 20%; Exams – 75%; • Demo on work of Displays and printers: use a microscope to see how different colors are obtained; • Demo on spectral dependence of light coming from the display screen;

  37. Clicker Registration, etc. • 7 students have not registered clickers!!! • Clicker grades will be updated by Thursday.

  38. Demonstration

  39. Rules for combining the subtractive primaries, cyan, yellow and magenta: White light passed through a cyan filter plus a magenta filter appears blue White light passed through a yellow filter plus a magenta filter appears red White light passed through a yellow filter plus a cyan filter appears green Why? What is the effect of combining (sandwiching) different colored filters together? cyan yellow magenta

More Related