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Victor Sojo 1 Leticia Guarino 2 July 2010

Victor Sojo 1 Leticia Guarino 2 July 2010. Universidad Central de Venezuela 1 Universidad Simón Bolívar 2. Mediated Moderation or Moderated Mediation? Relationship between Length of Unemployment, Coping Styles, Dispositional Resilience, and Social Functioning of Unemployed Venezuelans.

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Victor Sojo 1 Leticia Guarino 2 July 2010

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  1. Victor Sojo1 Leticia Guarino2 July 2010 Universidad Central de Venezuela1 Universidad Simón Bolívar2 Mediated Moderation or Moderated Mediation? Relationship between Length of Unemployment, Coping Styles, Dispositional Resilience, and Social Functioning of Unemployed Venezuelans victor.sojo@ucv.ve v.sojo@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au

  2. Introduction A. Work and Unemployment Structure for the self-concept A group of referents Goals and gives purpose Physical and mental activity Means to subsist B. Unemployment = Deprivation of these = Stress

  3. Introduction C. Unemployment Duration and Health Financial Detriment (Kinicki, Prussia, & McKee-Ryan, 2000) Frequency and time invested looking for a job (Kulik, 2001) Mental Health (Jackson & Warr, 1984 ) Cognitive functioning (Álvaro, 1992) Lose sense of control over the situation (Álvaro, 1992) Artazcoz, Benach, Borrell & Cortes (2004) Did not find any effect on Health Think about moderators and mediators

  4. Introduction D. Coping with Unemployment and Health Emotion focused predicted more distress and depression in Scandinavian Countries and Australia (Grossi, 1999; Patton & Donohue, 1998) Those results are not replicated with North American samples (Kinicki & Latack, 1990; Wanberg, 1997) Avoidance coping was associated with better health in Chinese sample (Lai & Wong, 1998) Avoidance coping was associated with better health in North American sample only when there was low control and long term unemployment (Kinicki & Latack,1990) Problem focused coping was associated with poorer health (Leana & Feldman, 1990) Problem focused predicted better health in Chinese (Lai & Wong, 1998) and North American (Kinicki & Latack, 1990) samples Think about moderators of coping

  5. Introduction E. Dispositional Resilience... as a group of personality characteristics associated to positive emotions Cognitive Adaptation Theory (Taylor & Brown, 1988): Dispositional personal resources Find way of coping Threatening events 1) A search for the meaning of the event or experience; 2) An attempt to get control over the events and their consequences; and 3) The development of positive thoughts (about the self and the context) to cope with the situation.

  6. Introduction E. Dispositional Resilience... as a group of personality characteristics associated to positive emotions (Wanberg, 1997) Perceived Control Coping Problem Emotion (+/-) Avoidance Physical and Psychological Symptoms Resilience Self-esteem Optimism No mediation found Only Considered Pathology when defining health Linear models with no interaction between personality and stress, or personality and coping

  7. Summary There is no evaluation of the interaction between duration of unemployment (stressful event) and dispositional resilience in their effect on health, which could account for the disparity in the results. There is no evaluation of the interaction between dispositional resilience and coping in their effect on health, which could also account for the disparity in the results.

  8. This Study Based on previous research about the interaction between stress and positive personality in their effect on health (Haine, Ayers, Sandler, Wolchik & Weyer, 2003; Hughes, 2003; Schmidt & Andrykowski, 2004; ): Dispositional resilience should moderate the relationship between duration of unemployment and health. That interactive effect should be mediated by the coping styles (Gatt, 2005; Smith & MacKenzie, 2006). Leading to a Mediated Moderation

  9. Method Participants: 328 Venezuelans. Unemployed, available to work, and looking for a job (ILO, 2003) 162 (49.4%) Female Age mean = 31 years (medium = 29), SD=9.4 Looking for a job in private and public job agencies. Duration of Unemployment mean = 1 year (medium = 5 months) SD 1,6. Only 90 (27.4%) participants had more than 1 year.

  10. Method Questionnaires Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSS) (Rosenberg, 1965) Life Orientation Test (LOT) (Scheier y Carver, 1985) Mastery Scale (MS) (Pearlin, Menaghan, Lieberman & Mullan, 1981). (r> .56) (Hair, Anderson, Tathan, & Black,1995) Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ-IV) = Rational, Emotional, Detachment, Avoidance (Roger, Jarvis & Najarian, 1993) General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) = Anxiety, Depression, Social Functioning, Somatisation (Goldberg, 1972)

  11. Data Analysis Following Muller, Judd & Yzerbyt (2005) there are 3 Equations Equation 1: Duration of Unemployment Resilience Social Functioning Duration of Unemployment X Resilience

  12. Data Analysis Following Muller, Judd & Yzerbyt (2005) there are 3 Equations Equation 2: Duration of Unemployment Coping Rational Emotional Avoidance Detachment Resilience Duration of Unemployment X Resilience

  13. Data Analysis Following Muller, Judd & Yzerbyt (2005) there are 3 Equations Duration of Unemployment Resilience Equation 3: Duration of Unemployment X Resilience Social Functioning Coping Rational Emotional Avoidance Detachment Coping X Resilience

  14. Results Equation 1: b = 0,13 p < 0,05 b = 0,15 p < 0,05 Duration of Unemployment X Resilience Social Functioning Social Functioning Resilience High Resilience (b = 0,05, t = 0,56, p > 0,05) Low resilience (b = -0,20, t = -2,43, p < 0,05)

  15. Results Equation 2: b = 0,14 p < 0,05 b = 0,17 p < 0,05 Duration of Unemployment X Resilience Detachment Coping Detachment Coping Resilience High Resilience (b = 0,19, t = 1,99, p < 0,05) Low resilience (b = -0.09, t = 1,24, p > 0,05)

  16. Results Equation 1: b = 0,13 p < 0,05 b = 0,15 p < 0,05 Duration of Unemployment X Resilience Social Functioning Resilience Social Functioning Equation 2: b = 0,14 p < 0,05 b = 0,17 p < 0,05 Duration of Unemployment X Resilience Resilience Detachment Coping Detachment Coping Equation 3: Sobel: t = 1,75 p = 0,08 b = 0,14 p < 0,05 b = 0,11 p > 0,05 Detachment Coping Social Functioning Resilience Social Functioning Duration of Unemployment X Resilience Sobel: t = 1,92 p < 0,05 Social Functioning b = 0,10 p > 0,05

  17. Conclusions • High dispositional resilience is associated with detachment coping during unemployment. • Lowersocial functioning is related to long term unemployment in people low in dispositional resilience. Whereas people high in dispositional resilience have a higher social functioning no matter the duration of unemployment.

  18. Conclusions • Long term unemployment is associated to more detachment coping in people high in dispositional resilience. Whereas people low in dispositional resiliencedo less detachment no matter the duration of unemployment. • Detachment coping seems to be a mediator of the interaction between Duration of Unemployment and Resilience in their effect on Social Functioning. Showing a Mediated Moderation.

  19. References Álvaro, J. (1992). Desempleo y bienestar psicológico. Madrid: Siglo XXI. Artazcoz, L., Benach, J., Borrell, C. & Cortes, I (2004). Unemployment and Mental Health: Understanding the Interactions Among Gender, Familly Roles, and Social Class. American Journal of Public Health, 94 (1), 82-88. Gatt, J. (2005). The Personality-Disease Link: An Evaluation of a Predictive Personality Measure, the Mediating Mechanisms of the Personality-Disease Link and a Preventative Intervention. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, the University of Sydney, Sydney-Australia. Retrieved on the 19th of February, 2007, from the official web site of the University of Sydney Library: http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/915. Grossi, G. (1999). Coping and Emotional Distress in a Sample of Swedish Unemployed. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 157–165. Haine, R., Ayers, T., Sandler, I., Wolchik, S., & Weyer, J. (2003). Locus of control and self-esteem as stress-moderators or stress-mediators in parentally bereaved children. Death Studies, 27 (7), 619-640. Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tathan, R., & Black, W. (1995). Multivariate data analysis (4th ed.). New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. Hughes, B. (2003). Self-esteem and changes in heart rate during laboratory-based stress. Psicologica, 24 (1), 79-91. International Labour Organization for Andeans Countries (2003). Notas y datos laborales. Retrieved the 22nd of march de 2004, from the official web site of the institution http://www.oitandina.org.

  20. References Jackson, P. R., & Warr, P. B. (1984). Unemployment and psychological ill-health: The moderating role of duration and age. Psychological Medicine, 14, 605–614. Kinicki, A. J., Prussia, R. E., & McKee-Ryan, F. M. (2000). A panel study of coping with involuntary job loss. Academy of Management Journal,43, 90–100. Kinicki, A. & Latack, J. (1990). Explication of the construct of coping with involuntary job loss. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 36, 339-360. Kulik, L. (2001). Impact of length of unemployment and age on jobless men and women: a comparative analysis. Journal of Employment Counseling, 38 (3), 15-27. Lai, J. & Wong, W. (1998). Optimism and Coping with Unemployment among Hong Kong Chinese Women. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 454–479. Leana, C. & Feldman, D. (1990). Individual Responses to Job Loss: Empirical Findings from Two Field Studies. Human Relations, 43, 1155–1181. Patton, W. y Donohue, R. (1998). Coping with Long-term Unemployment. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 8, 331–343. Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J. & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interaction effects in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437-448. Preacher, K. & Hayes, A. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36 (4), 717-731.

  21. References Schmidt, J., & Andrykowski, M. (2004). The role of social and dispositional variables associated with emotional processing in adjustment to breast cancer an internet-based study. Health Psychology, 23 (3), 259-266. Smith, T., & MacKenzie, J. (2006). Personality and risk of physical illness. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 435–467. Wanberg, C. (1997). Antecedents and outcomes of coping behaviors among unemployed and reemployed individuals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (5), 731-744.

  22. Victor Sojo1 Leticia Guarino2 July 2010 Universidad Central de Venezuela1 Universidad Simón Bolívar2 Mediated Moderation or Moderated Mediation? Relationship between, Length of Unemployment, Coping Styles, Dispositional Resilience, and Social Functioning of Unemployed Venezuelans victor.sojo@ucv.ve v.sojo@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au

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