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From the solar system to the Milky Way Vivienne Parry v@vparry.co.uk

From the solar system to the Milky Way Vivienne Parry v@vparry.co.uk. History of Medicine. Ancient methods of diagnosis. Astronomy & Astrology If the patient was a Pisces, doctors were told to avoid cutting the feet. Sacrifice Looking at the shape and position of a sheep’s liver .

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From the solar system to the Milky Way Vivienne Parry v@vparry.co.uk

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  1. From the solar system to the Milky Way Vivienne Parry v@vparry.co.uk

  2. History of Medicine

  3. Ancient methods of diagnosis • Astronomy & Astrology • If the patient was a Pisces, doctors were told to avoid cutting the feet • Sacrifice • Looking at the shape and position of a sheep’s liver

  4. Ancient Greeks Gods as healers Hippocrates 400 B.C

  5. Galen 150 AD Galen • A Greek in the Roman empire • No dissection of human bodies • Knowledge based on animals • Often wrong • Promoted the idea of humors • Blood letting as a cure

  6. Andreas Vesalius 1514 - 1564 • Founder of modern human anatomy • “De humanicorporisfabrica” • Printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections • Openly challenged Galen

  7. TeatroAnatomico, Padua

  8. 16th– 19th Centuries • Harvey, Fallopio, Colombo • Anatomical knowledge • Symptom observation but no understanding of cause • Treatment of symptoms not cause • Carving out of territory based on organs and body systems

  9. Symptoms vs Causes • Koch, Theory of Disease • Bacteria - not evil spirits or miasmas - cause disease • Cholera, Anthrax and TB

  10. The beginning – 1897:Archibald Garrod • obsessed with urine • alkaptonuria • The first to recognise inborn errors of metabolism • Linked it with work of Mendel • Ignored • Identification of specific genes with specific disorders post Second World War – progress halted by eugenics movement

  11. Evolution of Medicine Genomic medicine

  12. Genome Environment Modified from Loscalzo et al Mol Sys Bio 20007;3:124

  13. Genome Environment Transcriptome Proteome Metabolome Immune response Cell proliferation Thrombosis Hemorrhage Apoptosis Necrosis Inflammation Fibrosis Abnormal organ function Disease with different phenotypes Modified from Loscalzo et al Mol Sys Bio 20007;3:124

  14. Rare diseases • Search for a diagnosis time consuming, expensive heartsink process • Only 25% have molecular definition • Where do you start looking? • The same cause may have many different phenotypes • No longer looking for single genes • May be control and regulation that is the problem • Whole Genome Sequencing

  15. Today Birth of modern genetics • Genomic healthcare • Refining diagnosis from not just observation and biochemical tests • Understanding basis of disease • Predicting drug effects • Developing new therapies

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