Chemistry 1.1

1. Chemistry 1.1 Chapter 1: Introduction To Chemistry

2. 1.1 What Is Chemistry? • What Is Chemistry? • Why is the scope of chemistry so vast?

3. 1.1 What Is Chemistry? • Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. • Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.

4. 1.1 What Is Chemistry? • Because living and nonliving things are made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events.

5. 1.1 Areas of Study • Areas of Study • What are five traditional areas of study in chemistry?

6. 1.1 Areas of Study • Five traditional areas of study are • organic chemistry • inorganic chemistry • biochemistry • analytical chemistry • physical chemistry

7. 1.1 Areas of Study Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon.

8. 1.1 Areas of Study Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon.

9. 1.1 Areas of Study The study of processes that take place in organisms is biochemistry.

10. 1.1 Areas of Study Analytical chemistry is the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter.

11. 1.1 Areas of Study Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change.

12. 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry • Pure and Applied Chemistry • How are pure and applied chemistry related?

13. 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry • Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake. • Applied chemistry is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application.

14. 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry • Pure research can lead directly to an application, but an application can exist before research is done to explain how it works.

15. 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry • Nylon • In the early 1930’s, Wallace Carothers produced nylon while researching cotton and silk. • A team of scientists and engineers applied Carothers’s research to the commercial production of nylon.

16. 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry • Aspirin • Long before researchers figured out how aspirin works, people used it to relieve pain, and doctors prescribed it for patients who were at risk for a heart attack. • In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block the production of a group of chemicals that cause pain and lead to the formation of blood clots. This is an example of pure research.

17. 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry • Technology • Technology is the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired. • Technology allows humans to do some things more quickly or with less effort. • There are debates about the risks and benefits of technology.

18. 1.1 Why Study Chemistry? • Why Study Chemistry? • What are three general reasons to study chemistry?

19. 1.1 Why Study Chemistry? • Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens.

20. 1.1 Why Study Chemistry? • Explaining the Natural World • Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work.

21. 1.1 Why Study Chemistry? • Preparing For a Career • Many careers require knowledge of chemistry. A photographer uses chemical processes to control the development of photographs in a darkroom.

22. 1.1 Why Study Chemistry? • Being an Informed Citizen • Knowledge of chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion, and take appropriate action.

23. 1.1 Section Quiz • 1. Which of these traditional areas of study mostly involve compounds containing carbon? • (1) organic chemistry • (2) inorganic chemistry • (3) biochemistry • (1) and (2) • (1) and (3) • (2) and (3) • (1), (2), and (3)

24. 1.1 Section Quiz • 2. Which phrase best describes applied chemistry? • the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake • research that answers a general question • addresses fundamental aspects of a question • research directed toward a practical goal

25. 1.1 Section Quiz • 3. Informed citizens are most likely to • provide funds for scientific research. • determine which areas of research are valid. • decide who is qualified to do research. • influence the development of technology.

26. Homework:read Section 1.1 andPages 5-8 in your lab Manual(see lab safety powerpoint)

27. Chemistry 1.1 Chapter 1: Section 2 Chemistry Far and Wide

28. 1.2 Materials • Materials • What impact do chemists have on materials, energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment, and the study of the universe?

29. 1.2 Materials • Chemists design materials to fit specific needs.

30. 1.2 Materials • In 1948, George de Mestral took a close look at the burrs that stuck to his clothing. He saw that each burr was covered with many tiny hooks. • In 1955, de Mestral patented the design for the hook-and-loop tapes. These are used as fasteners in shoes and gloves.

31. 1.2 Materials • This story illustrates two ways of looking at the world—the macroscopic view and the microscopic view. • Burrs belong to the macroscopic world, the world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye. • The hooks belong to the microscopic world, or the world of objects that can be seen only under magnification.

32. 1.2 Energy • Energy • Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy.

33. 1.2 Energy • Conservation • One of the easiest ways to conserve energy is through insulation. Insulation acts as a barrier to heat flow from the inside to the outside of a house or from the outside to the inside of a freezer.

34. 1.2 Energy • SEAgel is a modern insulation that is light enough to float on soap bubbles.

35. 1.2 Energy • Production • The burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas is a major source of energy. These materials are called fossil fuels. Oil from the soybeans is used to make biodiesel.

36. 1.2 Energy • Storage • Batteries are devices that use chemicals to store energy that will be released as electric current. • For some applications, it important to have batteries that can be recharged rather than thrown away. Digital cameras, wireless phones, and laptop computers use rechargeable batteries.

37. 1.2 Medicine and Biotechnology • Medicine and Biotechnology • Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients.

38. 1.2 Medicine and Biotechnology • Medicines • There are over 2000 prescription drugs. Many drugs are effective because they interact in a specific way with chemicals in cells. Knowledge of the structure and function of these target chemicals helps a chemist design safe and effective drugs.

39. 1.2 Medicine and Biotechnology • Materials • Chemistry can supply materials to repair or replace body parts. Artificial hips and knees made from metals and plastics can replace worn-out joints and allow people to walk again without pain.

40. 1.2 Medicine and Biotechnology • Biotechnology • From 1990 to 2003, scientists worldwide worked on the Human Genome Project. They identified the genes that comprise human DNA—about 30,000. The discovery of the structure of DNA led to the development of biotechnology.

41. 1.2 Medicine and Biotechnology • Biotechnology applies science to the production of biological products or processes.

42. 1.2 Agriculture • Agriculture • Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.

43. 1.2 Agriculture • Productivity • One way to track productivity is to measure the amount of edible food that is grown on a given unit of land. • Chemists test soil to see if it contains the right chemicals to grow a particular crop and recommend ways to improve the soil.

44. 1.2 Agriculture • Chemists also help determine when a crop needs water. • If the genes from a jellyfish that glows are transferred to a potato plant, the plant glows when it needs to be watered.

45. 1.2 Agriculture • Crop Protection • Chemists sometimes use chemicals produced by insects to fight insect pests. The plastic tube wrapped around the stem of the tomato plant contains a chemical that a female pinworm moth emits to attract male moths. It interferes with the mating process so that fewer pinworms are produced.

46. 1.2 The Environment • The Environment • A pollutant is a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms. • Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution.

47. 1.2 The Environment • Identify Pollutants • Until the mid-1900s, lead was used in many products, including paints and gasoline. • A study done in 1971 showed that the level of lead that is harmful to humans is much lower than had been thought, especially for children. Even low levels of lead in the blood can permanently damage the nervous system of a growing child.

48. 1.2 The Environment • Prevent Pollution • The strategies used to prevent lead poisoning include testing children’s blood for lead, regulation of home sales to families with young children, and public awareness campaigns with posters.

49. 1.2 The Environment • The percentage of children with elevated blood levels has decreased since the 1970s.

50. 1.2 The Universe • The Universe • To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth.