The National Innovation System (NIS , National System of Innovation)

1. The National Innovation System (NIS, National System of Innovation) is the flow of technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions which is key to the innovative process on the national level. According to innovation system theory, innovation and technology development are results of a complex set of relationships among actors in the system, which includes enterprises, universities and government research institutes. (Source: Wikipedia)

2. A national system of innovation has been defined as follows: • .. the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse innovations (Freeman, 1995) • the elements and relationships which interact in the production, diffusion and use of new, and economically useful, knowledge ... and are either located within or rooted inside the borders of a nation state (Lundvall,1992) • ... a set of institutions whose interactions determine the innovative performance ... of national firms (Nelson,1993) • .. the national institutions, their incentive structures and their competencies, that determine the rate and direction of technological learning (or the volume and composition of change generating activities) in a country. (Patel and Pavitt,1994) (Source: Wikipedia)

3. Territorial Innovation System Demand’s needs Technologies’ state of the art Possible economic and social benefits Technological opportunities • Target: • Innovation development and diffusion, to obtain economic benefits • Knowledge as a private good • Activities: • Internal R&D • Funding external R&D • Cooperation with research institutions Innovation • Target: • Sustaining innovation development and diffusion • Activities: • Establishing Norms • Giving R&D Incentives Innovation opportunities • Target: • Scientific discoveries • Knowledge as a public good • Activities: • Research financed by firms and public institutions Source: Romano, Passiante, 1997

4. Territorialinnovationmodels Source: Moulaert, Faridsekia, 2003

5. Role of institutions Social regulation for the coordination of inter-firm transactions and the dynamics of entrepreneurial activity Core of innovation dynamics A result of R&D and its implementation; Application of new production methods institutions( JIT, etc.) New industrial spaces Regional development Interaction between social regulation and agglomerated production systems Culture Culture of networking and social interaction Types of relations among agents Inter-firm transactions Types of relations with the environment The dynamics of community formation and social reproduction Source: Moulaert, Faridsekia, 2003

6. Role of institutions Institutions are ‘agents’ and enabling social regulation, fostering innovation and development Core of innovation dynamics Capacity of actors implement innovation in system of common values Industrial district (ID) Regional development Territorial view based on spatial solidarity and flexibility of districts; this flexibility is element of this innovation Culture Sharing values among ID agents; trust and reciprocity Types of relations among agents The network is a social regulation mode and a source of discipline. It enables a coexistence of both cooperation and competition Types of relations with the environment The relationships with the environment impose some constraints and new ideas; must be able to react to changes in the environment; ‘rich’ relations; limited spatial view of environment Source: Moulaert, Faridsekia, 2003

7. Role of institutions Institutions are ‘agents’ and enabling social regulation, fostering innovation and development: focus on role of governance Core of innovation dynamics Capacity of actors implement innovation in system of common values Local production systems Regional development Diffuse industrialization, i.e. socio-economic development based on an evolutionary process without rupture Culture Role of social-culture context in development Types of relations among agents Inter-firm and inter-institution networks Types of relations with the environment Capacity of agents in modifying their behaviour according to the changes in their environment. Very ‘rich’ relations: third dimension of support space Source: Moulaert, Faridsekia, 2003

8. Role of institutions Very important role of Institutions in the research process (university, firms, public agencies, etc.) Core of innovation dynamics Capacity of firms to innovate through the relationships with other agents of the same milieu Milieu innovateur Regional development Territorial view based on milieuxinnovateurs and on agent’s capacity of innovating in a cooperative atmosphere Culture Culture of trust and reciprocity links Types of relations among agents The role of the support space: strategic relations between the firm, its partners, suppliers and clients Types of relations with the environment Capacity of agents in modifying their behaviour according to the changes in their environment. Very ‘rich’ relations: third dimension of support space Source: Moulaert, Faridsekia, 2003

9. innovative ideas and stock of projects knowledge and its remembering The relationship between learning, growth of knowledge and innovation in Territorial Innovation Systems institutional institutional impact impact selection selection interactive learning interactive learning learning by producing learning by producing innovation innovation learning by searching learning by searching learning by exploring learning by exploring creative creative forgetting forgetting institutional institutional forgetting forgetting impact impact (source: Bjorn Johnson, 1992 in National Innovation System, Lundvall, 1992) • Marshall-based approaches and the “industrial districts” approach • Evolutionary approach, as developed in the “milieu innovateur” approach

10. Knowledge assets Knowledge transfer Systemic Knowledge assets Conceptual Knowledge assets Knowledge creation Routine Knowledge assets Experiential Knowledge assets Knowledge retrieval Systemic Knowledge assets Three different mechanisms through which learning takes place in a Territorial Innovation System Creation of new knowledge Transfer of knowledge Retrieval of knowledge Knowledge assets generated by learning processes

11. Role of institutions Institutions lead to a regulation of behaviour, both inside and outside organizations Core of innovation dynamics Innovation as an interactive, cumulative and specific process of research and development (path dependency) Regional innovation Systems (RIS) Regional development View of the region as a system of “learning by interacting/ and by steering regulation” Culture The source of learning by interacting Types of relations among agents The network is an organizational mode of ‘interactive learning’ Types of relations with the environment Balance between inside specific relations and environment constraints; ‘rich’ relations Source: Moulaert, Faridsekia, 2003

12. Role of institutions Institutions lead to a regulation of behaviour, both inside and outside organizations Core of innovation dynamics Innovation as an interactive, cumulative and specific process of research and development (path dependency); stress of coevolution of technology and institutions Learning region Regional development Double dynamics: technological and techno-organizational dynamics; economic and institutional dynamics Culture Strong focus on interaction between economic and social cultural life Types of relations among agents Networks of agents (embeddedness) Types of relations with the environment Balance between inside specific relations and environment constraints; ‘rich’ relations Source: Moulaert, Faridsekia, 2003

13. The emerging phenomenon of the Virtual Clusters (VC) and their learning processes Internet Infrastructure Rules and standard Five class of participants:Customers, Context Providers, Content provider, Commerce service providers, Infrastructure providers (Internetworked Enterprises – IE) Customer centrality upstream transactions with suppliers horizontal transactions with competitors or other institutions downstream transactions with distributors and clients • E-leaning processes from markets • E-learning processes trough alliances Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002

14. e-learning process characteristics networked focused on the broadest view of learning delivered to end users via computers Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002

15. An emerging virtual environment: the Innovation Virtual System (IVS) not related necessarily to a physical space developed at different ontological levels, where interactions amplify the knowledge creation processes of the organisations autonomous, self-sufficient unit, that may connect to others IVS for expanding knowledge result of organic interactions among its participants, based on a knowledge vision, rather than a mechanistic planning knowledge participants necessary conditions: autonomy, creative chaos, intentional overlapping of information, diversity, trust and commitment Source: Romano, Passiante, 1999

16. Some stylised facts of the innovation emphasised by the Innovation Virtual System (IVS) innovation as a non-linear process innovation as first and foremost new practical knowledge knowledge creation related to a balance between communality and diversity of knowledge learning and discovery related to the interactive mechanism with the context environment through which selection occurs Source: Romano, Passiante, 1999

17. An integrated model of the IVS e-learning processes Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002

18. User Functionalities Portal-based access to a variety of content, activities, communities and tools, based on user profile. Wireless and other alternative access. Correspondence between Knowledge transfer processes and e-learning platform functionalities Creation and assembly of content and activities Powerful search capabilities across structure, content and metadata. Development and management of individuals and communities Content and activity management Workflow, lifecycle, process automation and security functions applied to the validation and publishing of content. Integration of external content, portals, etc. Integration of tools for virtual meetings, virtual workspaces, virtual classrooms, discussions, group scheduling, etc. Peer-to-peer information sharing Manager and administrator functionalities Monitoring and reporting for “people managers,” training coordinators, knowledge or content managers, etc. Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002

19. Correspondence between Knowledge creation processes and e-learning platform functionalities User Functionalities Creation and assembly of content and activities User-configurable proactive agents which monitor sources and repositories to automatically alert users to relevant new information Object-oriented content and activity creation and/or integration with leading XML and other authoring tools Development and management of individuals and communities Content and activity management Management of individuals, competencies, expertise, temporary and permanent groups/communities. Automatic indexing of unstructured content, automatic categorization to a taxonomy and automatic creation of taxonomies to provide content in context. Link management capabilities for maintaining relationships among elements. Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002

20. Correspondence between Knowledge retrieval processes and e-learning platform functionalities User Functionalities Creation and assembly of content and activities Powerful search capabilities across structure, content and metadata. Dynamic delivery/access to specific content, activities and communities based on profiles, assessment or other data, or queries Easy importing of external or existing content. Publishing to any number of devices, including Web Development and management of individuals and communities Content and activity management Features to allow users to rate content, provide alternatives and comments A relational or object-oriented repository (support for multiple repositories also desirable) of content and activities, which allows granular storage of XML content and all other formats, with descriptive and category metadata to facilitate retrieval. Manager and administrator functionalities Management of resources and facilities for training, meetings Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002

21. A comparison between Territorial and Virtual Innovation Systems Teritorial Systems Virtual Systems Virtual space, that parallels the behavioural setting and rules of the physical space with some that are based on electronic linkages between computers Geographic space Analysis of the geographical space Analysis of a link space Focus on physical notion of distance and connectivity: the role of geographical space in generating opportunities to access more effectively and efficiently to information and knowledge Focus on a virtual notion of distance and connectivity as a substitute and a complement of physical interactions Information/knowledge accessibility : network latency, deliverability, availability of the network and servers Geographic proximity Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002