1 / 41

Place of Articulation, continued

Place of Articulation, continued. September 30, 2013. Administrative Stuff. Production exercise #1 is due at 5 pm on Wednesday. I’ve only received a few recordings so far! This Friday: practice transcription exercise on place of articulation. This has been posted to the course website.

argus
Download Presentation

Place of Articulation, continued

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Place of Articulation, continued September 30, 2013

  2. Administrative Stuff • Production exercise #1 is due at 5 pm on Wednesday. • I’ve only received a few recordings so far! • This Friday: practice transcription exercise on place of articulation. • This has been posted to the course website. • For next Monday: another English transcription exercise • Broad and narrow • Phonetic features (dimensions of articulation) • Mid-sagittal diagrams • Let’s walk over a basic transcription problem…

  3. A Useful Diacritic • Some English syllables have a consonant peak. • This can only happen with /n/, /m/, /l/ and /r/. • When this happens, the consonant is said to be syllabic and is denoted with a small vertical dash underneath. • Examples: ‘chasm’ ‘ribbon’ ‘eagle’ ‘feature’

  4. An Interesting Fact • Some vowels are louder than others • dB of different vowels relative to (Fonagy, 1966): • : 0.0 • [e] : -3.6 • [o] : -7.2 • [i] : -9.7 • [u] : -12.3 • Why?

  5. Another Interesting Fact • Some vowels are inherently longer than others. • Data from Swedish (Elert, 1964): • long short • high [i y u] 140 msec 95 • mid 155 103 low 164 111 • Why?

  6. Sonority • Loudness is also a highly context-dependent measure. • Can vary wildly within speaker, from speaker to speaker, from room to room, and across speaking contexts. • However, all things being equal, some speech sounds are louder than others. • Course in Phonetics: • “The sonority of a sound is its loudness relative to that of other sounds with the same length, stress and pitch.”

  7. From Ladefoged

  8. A Sonority Scale • low vowels • high vowels • glides • liquids • nasals • fricatives • stops high sonority low sonority

  9. Sonority and Syllables • An old idea (e.g., Pike, 1943): syllables are organized around peaks in sonority. • This is the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP). • Example: [bæd] is a well-formed syllable in English. • [æ] • [b] [d] high sonority low sonority

  10. Sonority and Syllables • An old idea (e.g., Pike, 1943): syllables are organized around peaks in sonority. • This is the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP). • Example: [blænd] works well, too. • [æ] • [l] [n] • [b] [d] high sonority low sonority

  11. Technical Terms • [æ] • [l] [n] • [b] [d] sonority peak high sonority low sonority

  12. Technical Terms • The sonority peak forms the nucleus of the syllable. • [æ] • [l] [n] • [b] [d] nucleus high sonority low sonority

  13. Technical Terms • The sonority peak forms the nucleus of the syllable. • The sounds that precede the nucleus form the syllable onset. • [æ] • [l] [n] • [b] [d] onset high sonority low sonority

  14. Technical Terms • The sonority peak forms the nucleus of the syllable. • The sounds that precede the nucleus form the syllable onset. • The sounds that follow the nucleus form the syllable coda. • [æ] • [l] [n] • [b] [d] coda high sonority low sonority

  15. Technical Terms • The sonority peak forms the nucleus of the syllable. • The sounds that precede the nucleus form the syllable onset. • The sounds that follow the nucleus form the syllable coda. • Together, the nucleus and coda form the syllable rhyme. • [æ] • [l] [n] • [b] [d] rhyme high sonority low sonority

  16. Let’s Try This One More Time • If a liquid or nasal is in the syllable onset, it is not syllabic: • “reach”, “look” • If a liquid or nasal is in the syllable coda, it is not syllabic: • “fear”, “mall”, “form”, “cold” • If a liquid or nasal is in the syllable peak, it is syllabic: • “bird”, “worm” • “pull” (for speakers like me)

  17. IPA Chart:Stops • You are already familiar with Bilabial, Alveolar, Velar • = the 3 most common places of articulation for stops • UPSID Database (in Maddieson’s Patterns of Sounds, 1984) • surveys 317 languages • 314 have bilabial stops (Wichita, Hupa, Aleut) • 316 have alveolar/dental stops (Hawaiian) • 315 have velar stops (Hupa, Kirghiz)

  18. Bilabials-Alveolars-Velars

  19. Palatals

  20. Palatal Stops • Peter says: • 59 languages in UPSID database have palatal stops • Palatals vs. Velars in Ngwo (spoken in Cameroon)

  21. Also: Palatal Nasals • symbol: • not to be confused with the velar nasal: • PL: • Examples from Hungarian 

  22. Uvulars

  23. Uvular Stops • Peter says: • 47 languages in UPSID database have uvular stops • Uvular nasal: • Peter, again: • Japanese: ‘Japan’

  24. Quechua Contrasts • Quechua is spoken primarily in Bolivia and Peru.

  25. Pharyngeals

  26. Epiglottals, Glottals • There are no pharyngeal stops. • However, there is an epiglottal stop: • Peter says: • Check out Stefan’s epiglottis • There are also glottal stops: • As in English: “uh-oh”, “bottle”, “kitten” • More on these later

  27. Epiglottals in Agul • Agul is spoken in Dagestan, near the Caspian Sea, in Russia • Note: no nasal pharyngeals, epiglottals, or glottals. • Why?

  28. Back to the Coronals

  29. Back to the Coronals • Two parameters to consider here: • The active articulator • The tongue tip (apical) • The tongue blade (laminal) • The passive articulator or target • The upper lip (linguo-labial) • Between the teeth (interdental) • The upper teeth (dental) • The alveolar ridge (alveolar) • Behind the alveolar ridge (post-alveolar)

  30. Coronal Basics • Coronal stops are usually dental or alveolar. • Dental stops are usually laminal • produced with the blade of the tongue • as is typical in, e.g., French, Spanish • Alveolar stops are usually apical • pronounced with the tip of the tongue • as is typical in English • Dental ~ Alveolar contrasts are rare, but they do exist.

  31. Laminal Dentals • check out the labio-dental flap file

  32. Apical Alveolars

  33. Yanyuwa Coronal Contrast • Yanyuwa is spoken in the Northern Territory of Australia • UPSID data-- • Languages with the following number of stop place contrasts: • 2 -- 2 3 -- 171 4 -- 103 • 5 -- 35 6 -- 6 <-- 5 of these languages are from Australia! • Yanyuwa has 7 stop place contrasts!

  34. Retroflex Stops • Retroflex stops are produced in the post-alveolar region, by curling the tip of the tongue back. • Common in south Asian languages. • Peter says:

  35. Sindhi place contrasts

  36. Malayalam Place Contrasts

  37. Palatography + Linguography

  38. Yanyuwa, again

  39. Two Places at Once • Labial-velar stops are not uncommon, especially in African languages. • Examples from Idoma (spoken in Nigeria):

  40. Linguolabials • Linguolabials are formed by touching the blade of the tongue to the upper lip. • Examples from V’enen Taut, a language spoken in Vanuatu (the South Pacific):

  41. Place Contrast Round-up • Most languages have three stop places: • bilabial • dental/alveolar • velar • If a language has a fourth stop place, it is usually • palatal or uvular • If a language has a fifth stop place, it is usually • retroflex • sometimes labial-velar

More Related