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Financial Fundamental to Non-Financial Executives 财务 管理 -- 非财务经理必备

Financial Fundamental to Non-Financial Executives 财务 管理 -- 非财务经理必备. 2005 年 09 月. 目标 Objective : 了解 财务 管理原理和常用财务决策 Understand financial management principles & basic financial decisions 了解财务信息系统的基本构架 Understand financial information system frame work 了解财务报表分析基本方法

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Financial Fundamental to Non-Financial Executives 财务 管理 -- 非财务经理必备

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  1. Financial Fundamental to Non-Financial Executives财务管理--非财务经理必备 2005年09月

  2. 目标 Objective : • 了解财务管理原理和常用财务决策 • Understand financial management principles & basic financial decisions • 了解财务信息系统的基本构架 • Understand financial information system frame work • 了解财务报表分析基本方法 • Analysis sample financial reports • 方法 Method:

  3. 课程概要 COURSE SUMMARY 一、企业财务管理概览 Financial Management Framework 1 企业财务本质Enterprises Financial Essence 2 企业基本目标Corporate Objectives 3 管理人员财务职能Manager’s Financial Responsibility 二、企业经营活动中的财务优化管理 Financial Management Optimization 1 预算管理Budget Management 2 投资评估Investment Evaluation 3 生产管理Production Management 三、财务管理工具:现代财务信息系统 Financial Management Tools: Financial Information Systems 1 财务报表Financial Statements 2 财务报表分析Financial Statements Analysis 四、小结Summary

  4. 第一部分Chapter One企业财务管理概览 Financial Management Framework

  5. 企业的财务本质 现金销售 市场/客户 赊销 折旧 应收 成 品 存货 股 东 市 场 销 售 费 用 工 厂 / 办 公 室 — 固 定 资 产 投 资 现 金 在 产 品 存货 分红 /回购 还款/利息 贷 款 债 权 人 原 材 料 存货 人 工 及 服 务 材料 应付 供 应 商 固定资产

  6. Accounting Equation会计方程 A= Oi + Li 1. Function of Time 时间函数 T0 : A0 = L0 + OE0 T1 : A1 = L1 + OE1 A0 + A= L0 + L + OE0 + OE OE >0 Tn ………… 2. Maximize owner’s equity -- business objective 游戏规则:股东权益最大化

  7. The Goals of the Firm企业基本目标: Maximize Value 1. 利润 Profit 2. 风险 Risk

  8. 管理人员财务职能 Manager’s Financial Responsibility 一、合理分配公司资金资源 Allocating capital resources 二、提高公司资金使用效率 Improving capital efficiency 三、保护公司资产安全 Protecting of company assets

  9. 第二部分Chapter Two企业经营活动中的财务优化管理Financial Management Optimization

  10. 为什么要预算 Why Budget • Goals Setting 目标设置 • Alternatives Choice 方案/路径,评估/选择 • Resources Organization 组织资源 • Pre-live Simulation 预演/彩排

  11. 如何预算 How to Budget • Market Analysis 市场分析 • Mission Statement 公司宗旨 • 3-5 Year Objectives 3年目标 • Self SWOT Analysis 差异分析 • Products and Services 产品/服务选择 • Financial Feasibility 财务可行性分析 • One Year Budget 年度预演

  12. 预算管理 Budget Management • Capital Expenditure 资本性支出 • Expenses Control 费用控制 • Performance Feedback 进展反馈 • Performance Control 进展控制调整

  13. 投资决策 Investment Decision 预计现金流量 Future Cash Flow Fi 贴现率 Cash Discount Rate r 净现值 Net Present Value Fi n NPV= i=0 i (1+r)

  14. 投资决策标准 Investment Decision Criteria NPV>0 or i > 10%~15% Payback 回收期 2-5年 Buy or Lease 租或买? Fi 时间 Time

  15. 营运决策 Operation Decisions • Make or Buy 制造或购买 • Special Order 特殊订单 • Division Drop 部门精减 • Products Mix 产品构成

  16. 利润率和贡献毛益 Profit Margin and Contribution Margin 销售价格 Sales Price 8.00 去除产品所有成本后剩余的价格 Excess of Price over Unit Full Cost 利润率 Profit Margin 1.65 贡献毛益 Contribution Margin 3.50 固定销售费用和管理费用 Fixed Marketing and Administrative Costs 固定生产成本 Fixed Manufacturing Costs 变动销售费用和管理费用 Variable Marketing and Administrative Costs 每件产品的全部成本 Full Cost per unit 6.35 每件产品的变动成本 Variable Cost per unit 4.50 变动生产成本 Variable Manufacturing Costs 变动成本法的存货价值 Inventory Value using Variable Costing Method 4.00

  17. 营运决策依据 利润 = 总收入(TR)- 总成本(TC) = 价格 X 售量 - (固定成本 + 单位变动成本 X 售量) = PX - (F + VX) = -F + (P-V)X Profit 边际贡献 Contribution Margin = P-V P-V 边际贡献率 Contribution Margin Ratio = P

  18. 营运决策依据 PX 利润 Profit VX 100 产销量 Volume

  19. 决策应用 Decision Making F F 损益平衡点  x = Breakeven Point = P-V CM F F 或损益平衡销售额 :x *P = ( Breakeven Revenue )* P  S = P-V (P-V)/P 最低订量 Lowest Order Volume(生产量 Capacity) 最低售价 Lowest Price 制造或购买 Make or Buy 特殊订单 Special Order 部门精减 Division Drop 产品构成 Products Mix 

  20. 第三部分Chapter Three现代财务信息系统 Financial Information Systems

  21. 财务会计 Financial Accounting 财务会计 Financial Accounting 使用者 Users External users of information - usually shareholders, financial analysts, and creditors 企业的外部人士--股东, 债权人等 通用会计准则 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 受会计准则监管 Compliance with generally accepted accounting principles 时间焦点 Future versus Past 使用过去会计期间的数据评估管理 者的表现 Uses historical data in evaluating performance of the firm and its managers by outsiders 报告需求 Reporting Requirements 规则中要求的信息 Regulations often specify how much information is enough 呈现的内容 Detail Presented 呈现的是汇总数据 Summary data are presented

  22. 管理会计 Managerial Accounting 管理会计 Managerial Accounting 使用者 Users Internal users of information- usually managers. 企业的内部人士--通常是管理者 通用会计准则 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Need not comply with generally accepted accounting principles 不受会计准则监管 使用预计的数据作决策依据, 历史数据 作内部管理评估 时间焦点 Future versus Past Uses estimates of the future for decision making and historical data for internal performance evaluation. 报告需求 Reporting Requirements 内部费用和利润评估所需的信息 Internal cost/benefit evaluation determines how much information is enough 呈现的内容 Detail Presented 对于产品成本\收入\利润需要更具体 的数据 More detailed data are required about product costs, revenues, and profits.

  23. Financial Reports Format报表格式 Assets 资产 Liability 负债 Balance Sheet 资产负债表 Owner’s Equity 所有者权益 Do the company and individual belong to owner’s equity or liability? 我们所在单位\个人是股东的资产,还是负债? Income Statement 损益表 收入 Revenue 减: 支出 Cost 利润 Profit

  24. The Two Dealing Companies Financial Reports 两个交易公司的财务报表 公司Company 银行 Bank 资产 Assets 负债 Liability 资产 Assets 负债 Liability 贷款B Loan 客户存款A Client Deposit 银行现金A Cash in Bank 应收B Account Receivable 所有者权益 Owner’s Equity 所有者权益 Owner’s Equity 收入 Revenue 收入 Revenue A的利息收入 Interest Income B的利息收入 Interest Income 减: 支出 Cost 减: 支出 Cost A的利息支出 Interest Expense B的利息支出 Interest Expense

  25. Double Entry Accounting复式记账系统 Large-Scale Industrialization Management 大规模工业化经营 Manager ≠ Owner 管理者≠所有者 Double Entry System 复式记账系统 Small Workshop Management 小作坊经营 Manager = Owner 管理者=所有者 Single Entry System 简式记账系统 A= Oi +  Li Industrial Revolution Activator 工业革命催化剂 1、Large scale financial resources and specialized skills synergy,add-value efficiency of social fortune 资金资源与专业管理技能相结合, 社会财富增值效率; 2、Ownership transfer, accommodate liquidity 所有权转移,资金市场效率; 3、Liability import financial leverage, accommodate different risk / return expectation. 债务引入财务杠杆,风险/回报。 Cash Account Beginning Balance 现金期初额 Cash Account Ending Balance 现金期末额

  26. Financial Statements财务报表 Balance Sheet 资产负债表 T0 : Cash0 + CA0 + FA0 = CL0 + LL0 + OE0 T1 : Cash0 + Cash + CA0 + CA + FA0 + FA Cash Flow Statement 现金流量表 = CL0 + CL + LL0 + LL + OE0 +OE Income Statement 损益表 Tn ………... Revenue - Expenses 收入- 费用

  27. 财务架构概述 时间 期末现金余额 产品成本 现金变量 销售费用 融资活动 股东权益变量 FA1 CL1 LL1 T1 利息 投资活动 税 管理费用 营运现金 利润 期初现金余额 收入 Cash CA FA CL LL OE T0 资产负债表 科目

  28. 盈利能力分析Profitability Analysis 资产回报率 ROA Net Income 净利润 = Average Total Assets 平均总资产 总收入 净利润 = X 总收入 总资产 Net Income Total Revenue = X Total Revenue Total Assets = 利润率 资产周转率 X = Profit Margin X Assets Turnover

  29. 周转率分析 Turnover Analysis 年度总收入Annual Revenue 资产周转率Assets Turnover = 年度平均总资产 Annual Average Assets 年度应收款销售总额 Sales in A/R 应收账款周转率 Account Receivable Turnover = 平均应收账款 Average Account Receivable 年度产品成本 Total Product Cost 存货周转率 Inventory Turnover = 平均存货额 Average Inventory 总收入 Total Revenue 固定资产周转率 Fixed Assets Turnover = 平均固定资产 Average Fixed Assets

  30. NOWC营运流动资金 = 应收账款 + 预付账款 + 存货 - 应付账款 - 预收账款 Accounts Receivable + Payment in Advance + Inventory - Accounts Payable - Unearned Revenue 资产 Assets 负债和股东权益 Liability & Owner’s Equity 应付账款 Accounts Payable 现金 Cash 应收账款 Accounts Receivable 预收账款 Unearned Revenue 营运流动资金 NOWC 存货 Inventory 长期负债 Long-Term Liability 预付账款 Payment in Advance 固定资产 Fixed Assets 股东权益 Owner’s Equity 流动资金周转率 Working Capital Turnover = 总收入 Revenue 流动资金 Working Capital

  31. 盈利能力分析Profitability Analysis 净利润 Net Profit 股东权益回报率 = ROE 平均股东权益 Average Owner’s Equity 净利润 总收入 平均资产 = X X 总收入 平均总资产 平均股东权益 Net Profit Revenue Average Assets = X X Revenue Average Assets Average Owner’s Equity = 利润率 X 资产周转率 X 杠杆比率 = Profit Margin X Assets Turnover X Leverage Ratio

  32. ROA模型 /ROA Model Sales 销售 59 Contribution 贡献毛益 Interest and taxes 利息和税 Minus 减 Cost of goods sold 产品成本 35 Operating Profit 营业利润 5 Minus 减 24 Common costs 销售费用 11 Net Profit 净利润 24 6 Return on assets 资产回报率 Return on equity 所有者权益回报率 17% 13% Current Assets 流动资产 Equity 所有者权益 41 46 Total assets 总资产 46 Plus 加 Fixed assets 固定资产 66 Liabilities 负债 25 24 20

  33. 风险分析 Risk analysis 清偿能力 Discharge Ability : 流动资产 Current Assets (2:1 比较好) 流动比率 Current Ratio = 流动负债 Current Liability 流动资产Current Assets-存货Inventory 速动比率 Quick Ratio = 流动负债 Current Liability (1:1 比较好) 短期营运偿债能力 Short-Term Operating Liquidity 营运资金 Cash from Operation = 流动负债 Current Liability

  34. 风险分析 Risk Ratio 财务杠杆比率 Financial Leverage Ratio: 总资产 Total Assets ( 2 比较好) 总权益 Total Owner’s Equity 总负债 Total Liability 总权益 Total Owner’s Equity 利息和税前利润 EBIT 利息保障倍数 Interest Payment Ratio = 年度利息费用 Interest Expenses (3倍正常)

  35. 四、小结Summary • Benefit Vs. Cost 效益/成本 • Demand Vs Supply 需求/供给

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