Time To Regain Control

1. Time To Regain Control Management of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings fiuca@deaconess-cinti.com 513/559-2897

2. November 2006 – long awaited CDC guidelines released… • Management of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings • Background • Epidemiology • Prevention & Control • Discussion • Recommendations • http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/mdroGuideline2006.pdf

3. II. Background • Definition: microorganisms, predominantly bacteria, that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobial agents • MRSA/VISA/VRSA • VRE • MDR Strep pneumo • ESBLs (E. coli, Kleb) • Problem MDR gnrs • Clinical Importance? – limited options for treating patients

4. Trend - ↑, Why? Selective pressure from antimicrobials CAMRSA Poor infection control practices Or any combination Transmission & Persistence – Naïve populations Antimicrobial use Increased potential due to ↑ #s infected/colonized Implementation/ adherence to prevention efforts III. Epidemiology

5. MDROs are carried from one to another via “dirty ten” Easily contaminated from patient or environment Diarrhea patients an issue for those organisms colonizing the GI tract Not just for acute care setting Colonized HCP – Can become persistently colonized Limited role in transmission, unless… Chronic sinusitis URTI Dermatitis Etc III. Epidemiology cont.

6. IV. Prevention and Control • Appropriate clinical practices as a part of ALL routine patient care, ie., • Hand hygiene – “When in doubt, wash ‘em out” • Prompt/accurate diagnosis • Vent bundles • Central Line bundles • SSI bundles • Urinary Catheters • Judicious antimicrobial selection & utilization, DUEs • Utilization of PPE

7. Control Interventions • Administrative Support • Education • Judicious Antimicrobial Use • Surveillance • Infection Control Precautions • Environmental Measures • Decolonization

8. V. Discussion - Issues • Impact on other MDROs • Costs • Feasibility • Type & significance of institutional problem • Population & healthcare setting • Differences in opinion on strategies • Two-tiered approach

9. Recommendations: Tier 1 • Administrative Measures: • Patient safety priority • Fiscal & human resources • Expertise • Communication systems • Multidisciplinary process • ID of patients infected or colonized • Community participation • Timely feedback, minimum annually

10. Education & Training… Risks & prevention of transmission Orientation Periodic updates Include organizational experiences & strategies Judicious Use of Antimicrobials Multidisciplinary process for use, formulary selection & antibiogram…for hospitals & LTCF Physician prompts – all healthcare settings Antibiogram – available for all in facility Recommendations: Tier 1

11. Surveillance Standardized methods in micro lab Notification from lab Storage for MDROs… hospitals & LTCF Facility susceptibility reports Hospitals/LTCF – special unit reports Annual & include in lab contract Monitor trends – house-wide & unit specific rates using statistical methods Use this to determine interventions Establish a baseline or incidence Evaluate colonization versus infection Reporting frequency Recommendations: Tier 1

12. Recommendations: Tier 1 • Precautions: • Standard precautions • Masks – appropriate use • Contact precautions • Acute care: infected or colonized; can modify • LTCF: evaluate pt & situation for infected or colonized; modify • If ill, use Contact

13. Recommendations: Tier 1 • Precautions cont: • Ambulatory Care: standard precautions with strict adherence to barrier use • Home Care: standard precautions with strict adherence to barrier use • Limit use of reusable equipment • Appropriate disinfection if can’t leave it • Hemodialysis: “Recommendations to Prevent Transmission of Infections in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients” • www.cms.hhs.gov/home/regsguidance.asp

14. Recommendations: Tier 1 • Discontinuation of precautions: • No recommendation for when! • Placement - hospitals & LTCF • Private room – prioritize when limited availability • Cohort same MDRO only • If not possible, place with those at low risk of acquisition & adverse outcome

15. Recommendations: Tier 1 • Environmental Measures: • Frequently touched surfaces & equipment cleaned/disinfected • Dedicate non-critical medical items • Prioritize Contact Precautions rooms

16. Recommendations: Tier 2 • Intensified Interventions • Utilize in various combinations • When? • If incidence/prevalence not ↓ • 1st case or outbreak of important MDRO • Continue to monitor • Add interventions as needed

17. Adminstrative Expertise – design, implementation, evaluation Leadership, funding, daily oversight Evaluate health system factors → action plan Detailed updates Educational Interventions Increase frequency – unit-specific feedback Judicious Use of Antimicrobials Review & control use as indicated Recommendations: Tier 2

18. Recommendations: Tier 2 • Surveillance • Calculate & Analyze prevalence & incidence rates for infected & colonized • Do not use multiple isolates from same patient • Active Surveillance Cultures (ASC) – develop & implement protocols • Include areas of skin breakdown & draining wounds including organism specific colonization sites • At admission & as needed to assess

19. Recommendations: Tier 2 • Surveillance cont. • Conduct serial unit-specific point prevalence surveys to assess progress • Repeat point prevalence cultures at discharge or transfer or other interval • Test roommates • Test HCP if implicated

20. Enhanced Infection Control Precautions: Implement contact precautions until results of ASC are known Assign dedicated nursing & ancillary personnel Consider stopping new admissions Enhanced Environmental Measures: Intensify & reinforce training Monitor adherence to cleaning policies Environmental cultures, if necessary Vacate units for thorough cleaning Recommendations: Tier 2

21. Recommendations: Tier 2 • Decolonization: • Usually only for MRSA • Consult with experts on case-by-case basis • If utilize, perform susceptibility testing • Do not use topical mupirocin routinely as resistant strains emerge • Only decolonize HCP implicated in ongoing transmission • Possibly reassign personnel

22. Thank You…Questions?