American Foreign Diplomacy

1. American Foreign Diplomacy • Isolationism v. Internationalism • U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s • U.S. found it difficult not to be involved in world affairs • Tried to use diplomacy to promote world peace • Encouraged world leaders to seek disarmament: reducing the amount of weapons, soldiers, munitions in ones army

2. Attempts to Maintain Peace Washington Naval Conference, 1921 • Included U.S., G.B., France, Japan, Italy • Limited tonnage of ships • Agreed to respect territorial rights • Acceptance of Open Door Policy in China Kellogg-Briand Pact • Outlawed war except in cases of self-defense • Signed by 62 nations • Proved unsuccessful when Japan invaded Manchuria in (1931)

3. Dawes Plan • Designed to stabilize the German economy • U.S. bankers would lend $ to Germany • Germany could then make its reparation payments to Britain, France, Italy • Those countries could then repay their debts to U.S. • The Great Depression stopped this plan & canceled reparations

4. Isolationist Impulses • Many Americans believed U.S. had been tricked into getting involved in WWI • Congress takes action to prevent involvement in overseas conflicts • Resulted in passage of 3 Neutrality Acts, 1935-1937 • U.S. wouldn’t sell arms to warring nations • U.S. wouldn’t loan $ to warring nations • U.S. wouldn’t ship non-military goods to warring nations

5. The Rise of Totalitarian Dictatorships • Many nations turned to dictators to solve their problems after World War I & some after the G.D. Characteristics of totalitarian dictatorships • Govt. controls every aspect of a person’s life • One party controls the govt. • The state is supreme • Individuals have few, if any, rights • Political opposition is forbidden

6. 4 Dominant Totalitarian dictatorships of the 1920s/1930s • Mussolini in Italy, 1922 • Hitler in Germany, 1933 • Military dictatorship in Japan, 1931 • Stalin in the Soviet Union, recognized by U.S. in 1933

7. The Shadow of War • Japan aggressive in China (Manchuria,1932) • Mussolini aggressive in Africa • Hitler aggressive in the Rhineland (1936) & in Austria (March 1938) • Created the Third Reich • Demanded Sudetenland (Sept. 1938) Resulted in Munich Conference, Sept. 1938 • Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, & Daladier met • Chamberlain used appeasement • Returned home claiming “peace in our time” • Hitler got Sudetenland; agreed not to seize the rest of Czechoslovakia • March 1939, Hitler annexed all of Czechoslovakia

8. Foreign Policy EQ’s • Describe the Dawes Plan. • Describe the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Why did it fail? • Explain the events of the Washington Naval Conference. • Define Disarmament. Why can this policy be viewed in a negative way? • Explain the Neutrality Acts. • Describe 5 characteristics of Totalitarian Governments. • List the 4 totalitarian dictatorships of the 1920’s-1930’s.

9. The War Begins • Nazi-Soviet Pact(Aug. 1939)--Stalin (Soviet Union) & Hitler (Germany) • Non-aggression Pact- agreed to divide Poland and prevented Germany from fighting two-front war • Sept. 1, 1939Germany invaded Poland using blitzkrieg (Lightning War) • Britain & France declared war on Germany • Spring 1940—Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg fell to German blitzkrieg

10. Establishing a Puppet Government • Germany defeated France (1940)--bypassed the Maginot Line • 300,000 soldiers rescued at Dunkirk • Germany est. a puppet govt. in Vichy, France • French General Charles de Gaulle headed the Free France movement in London • Secret organization, the Resistance, worked in France

11. From Neutrality to War • U.S. proclaimed neutrality in 1939--couldn’t refrain from helping the Allies • Sent 50 old destroyers to Britain (Churchill) for 99 year lease on naval & air bases in the Atlantic • U.S. passed a Cash-and-Carry law--allowed U.S. to sell arms to the Allies • Nations must pay cash & carry goods away themselves • FDR elected to unprecedented 3rd term in 1940 • U.S. passed Lend-Lease Act in 1941 • Allowed the President to sell, exchange, lend, or lease war materials to any country whose security he considered vital to the defense of the U.S.----Used w/ Britain & later Russia

12. Atlantic Charter (1941) • U.S. & Britain agreed to seek no territorial gain • Agreed to: “the right of all peoples to choose the form of govt. under which they will live” • U.S. placed an embargo on Japan • Japan continued to be aggressive in Asia • Sank some American ships in 1937 (Panay) • U.S. stop shipment of metal, oil, fuel to Japan • Japan signed agreement w/ Germany & Italy (1941) Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis • Japan demanded U.S. drop the embargo • U.S. only end it if Japan withdrew from China • Negotiations continued in Nov. 1941 w/o agreement

13. Pearl Harbor • Sunday, December 7, 1941, at 7:55 a.m. Japan attacked the U.S. fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor, HI • U.S. expected the attack in the Philippines • U.S. lost over 19 ships, including all 8 battleships, & 150+ aircraft • 2,400+ Americans died • FDR said it was “a date which will live in infamy” • U.S. declared war on Japan the next day • Germany & Italy declared war on U.S. within 3 days--- We promptly returned the gesture

14. WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)

15. The Allies Versus the Axis • Allied Powers: U.S., Britain, USSR (50 total) • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan (9 total) • WWII was really two separate theaters: • Pacific War: U.S. Britain, Australia, New Zealand v. Japan European & African War: had 3 fronts: Eastern, Southern, Western • Eastern Front: USSR v. Germany • Southern Front: U.S., Britain, Australia v. Germany & Italy • Western Front (D-Day): U.S., Britain, France v. Germany & Italy • 1942---- Axis Powers were ahead • “Dark days” for the Allies

16. Planning Strategy Next Allied strategy was debated • Decided to make defeating Hitler top priority • Operation Torch: invasion of N. Africa to attack the Germans & Italians from behind • Followed by attacks in the Mediterranean Sea (Italy) • Carried out in late 1942 & early 1943 • Successful strategy & a major victory for the Allies • Gave Allies control of the Mediterranean • Made shipping supplies to Europe possible • Made an invasion of southern Europe possible **The Tide of the War Turns in the Pacific & Europe**

17. Holding Action in the Pacific • Japanese successfully captured many islands following the Pearl Harbor attack • Two significant battles (fought in the air) Battle of the Coral Sea, 1942 • Prevented Japan from seizing Australia Battle of Midway, 1942 • Turning point in the Pacific • Gave Japan a decisive defeat by sinking 4 of their aircraft carriers The Invasion of Italy – The Southern Front • Italy was considered the weak point of the Axis Powers • 1943, the Allies invaded Sicily & Italy • Italians overthrew Mussolini & Italy surrendered • Hitler sent German troops to resist Allies & rescue Mussolini---unsuccessful • Allies pushed on until they liberated Rome (1944)

18. The Eastern Front Stalin had asked for 3 things for 3 years • Massive supplies • Territorial concessions in Eastern Europe • Second front in Western Europe Soviets resisted the Germans in the east • 1943, the Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point • Red Army went on the offensive 1943, Axis advances had been stopped in Europe & the Pacific • Allies launched land, air, and sea offensives on all fronts

19. The War at Home • “Remember Pearl Harbor”: rallying cry • “V for Victory”: a familiar symbol • 6 million men & women volunteered • 10 million men were drafted • Melting pot of men • Discrimination still occurred in the army (1 million blacks) The Economy recovers • U.S. economy fully recovered during WWII • Unemployment dropped sharply ***Ended the Great Depression***

20. Organizing for War Production • Federal agencies created to coordinate everything (WWI) • Office of War Mobilization (OWM): oversaw all areas of production • War Production Board: Americans made the shift from peacetime to wartime production • Helped Americans exceed tough production demands • Office of Price Administration (OPA): controlled inflation by creating item price ceilings---included rents, gasoline, tires, coffee, canned food, meat, etc. • War Manpower Commission(WMC): decided which industries needed workers most • National War Labor Board: helped to settle labor disputes to prevent production from being interrupted---encouraged workers to join unions

21. American Foreign Policy Assignment Complete the following: • Explain 5 specific ways that the U.S. mobilized for war. • Discuss 3 things that Stalin wanted from the Allies. Explain the role of the Soviets in the Eastern Front. • Explain key events related to the invasion of Italy. • Identify the Allied and Axis Powers. • Describe Operation Torch. Explain its significance. • Discuss 2 significant battles in the Pacific. Who wins? Why is this important?

22. Changes on the Home Front • War demanded sacrifices from Americans • People planted victory gardens to stretch the food supply • Americans used ration coupons • Scrap-rubber and scrap-iron collections • People stood in long lines to buy scarce items • Businesses encouraged support • “Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do without”

23. Women met the demand for workers • By end of war, 1 out of 3 workers was a woman • “Rosie the Riveter” became a national symbol • Women gained confidence they could have both a family & a job or career • African Americans gained more acceptance • FDR banned discrimination in all govt. agencies, in job training programs, & in all companies doing business w/ the federal govt. • Fair Employment Practices Committee: created to ensure equal treatment for minorities in war industries

24. Rosie the Riveter

25. D-Day in France – The Western Front • Allies planned a cross-channel invasion across the English Channel for 2 yrs. • Directed by Supreme Allied Commander of Europe, General Dwight D. Eisenhower Called Operation Overlord • Success depended on 3 things • Adequate landing vessels, troops, & supplies • Secrecy of the mission • Clear weather

26. D- Day Continued……………. • June 6, 1944, the most famous & largest amphibious landing in history began • 176,000 troops were ferried across the channel • Landed on the beaches of Normandy • U.S. landed on beaches of Utah & Omaha • Germany fiercely resisted the invasion • Allies finally liberated Paris in Aug. 1944 • Allies began pushing the Germans back toward Berlin and liberating the rest of Western Europe

27. Japanese Americans • Pearl Harbor created anger against Japanese • Japanese-Americans were held responsible for the attack • Became easy targets for discrimination • Seen as a menace • Defense officials warned of possible sabotage • FDR gave the War Dept. authority to remove thousands • 110,000 were taken from homes & jobs along the west coast

28. Japanese Americans continued………. • They were relocated to 10 internment camps out west • Still loyal to U.S. • Some served in the military • 2/3 were American-born citizens • U.S. govt. apologized in 1988; gave $20,000 to each surviving internee

29. On the Attack in the Pacific • U.S. had expected the initial Japanese attack in the Philippines • Japan had seized the Philippines shortly after the Pearl Harbor invasion • Gen. Douglas MacArthur stationed there & vowed he would return to recapture the island • U.S. leaders decided to use a leapfrog or island hopping campaign against Japan • 1944, the U.S. sank much of the Japanese fleet in a battle off the coast of the Philippines • MacArthur returned to the Philippines fulfilling his promise • Late 1944, U.S. beginning to bomb Japan

30. Ending the War in Europe • 1944, the Germans launched a last counter-offensive in the Ardennes Forest • Resulted in the Battle of the Bulge • Temporarily slowed the Allied advance • In the east, the Soviets had finally pushed into Germany • American & Russian troops met at the Elbe River, 100 miles west of Berlin • On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide • Third Reichwas defeated & surrendered one week later • Next day, May 8, 1945, was declared VE-Day, Victory in Europe Day

31. Election of 1944 • FDR ran & won an unprecedented 4th term: did not want to run but thought it would be a mistake to change leadership during the war • Democratic party chose a new V.P. (Harry S Truman) • FDR was easily re-elected President Truman Takes Office • FDR died in April 1945 • Truman knew very little about the war strategy • Immediate task was finishing the war w/ Japan • 1945 America captured Iwo Jima & Okinawa • Strikes on Japan were next • During battles-- Japanese pilots had begun using kamikazetactics • Bitter struggle to end war w/ Japan

32. A New Weapon • July 16, 1945, the first successful atomic bombwas tested in--- Alamogordo, NM • Mission to build--- called the Manhattan Project • $2 billion & employed over 100,000 people • Involved many scientists who had fled from Nazis • Bomb parts were made in 3 locations (TN, NM, WA) • When 2 bombs were ready, Japan warned to surrender or face complete destruction—ignored • Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 • Another dropped on Nagasaki- August 9, 1945 • 2 more bombs were scheduled for Aug. 13 & 16 if Japan did not surrender • Japan surrender on August 14, 1945 (V-J Day) • World War II was completely over!

33. The Holocaust • Full horror of the concentration camps was realized after the war was over • Allied troops liberated the people in the camps • Worst camps were Auschwitz & Treblinka in Poland and Buchenwald & Dachau in Germany • 6 million Jews, 1/3 of Europe’s Jews were killed • This systematic killing of the Jewish people is called the HOLOCAUST • Another 6 million people also died in the camps • (Catholics, labor leaders, gypsies, political opponents, mentally & physically handicapped, Slavic people)

34. Aftermath of World War II • 55 million civilians & soldiers died • Changed the map of the world • Empires of France, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Japan, & Britain were in ruins • U.S. & the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers • People in Africa & Asia sought freedom • At home, minorities found new opportunities • Our economy completely recovered • Potential of science was revealed • Could either advance or destroy civilization • Atomic/nuclear age was born ***Cold War would soon begin***

35. Allied Diplomacy and Peace Talks Wartime Summit Meetings • Fall 1943, Allied leaders began planning for what would happen after the war • Were confident they would win • Big Three (Stalin, FDR, Churchill)

36. 2 Major Summits • Teheran Conference (1943) • Discussed strategy for defeating the Axis • Committed to the cross-channel invasion • Stalin promised to enter the Pacific war once Germany surrendered • Discussed an international organization to replace the failed League of Nations • Discussed what to do w/ Germany when it surrendered

37. Yalta Conference (1945) • Mostly discussed Germany • Agreed it would be divided into 4 occupation zones • Discussed plans for the United Nations • Committed to allowing free elections in countries the Axis had controlled during the war