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IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA. 2012: 7 BILLION PEOPLE DEPEND ON THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER. IN 2020, AS NOW, THE GLOBAL WATER SUPPLY … .

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IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

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  1. IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ONWATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

  2. 2012:7 BILLION PEOPLE DEPEND ON THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER

  3. Nubia_Group

  4. IN 2020, AS NOW, THE GLOBAL WATER SUPPLY … • Should be available, without interruption, in sufficient QUANTITY to meet the primary needs of the people • Should be of good QUALITY (i.e., CLEAN) to sustain life

  5. KEY FACTORS WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS

  6. WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS • Have POINT-SENSITIVE and AREA-SENSITIVE components, … • Have varying vulnerabilities in their exposure to the TIME – and SPACE- DEPENDENT potential disaster agents of natural hazards.

  7. WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS • Above-ground siting makes water- and waste-water systems more vulnerable to earthquake ground shaking; inundation during, tsunamis, floods, and severe windstorms; and permanent deformation during landslides.

  8. WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS • Below-ground siting makes water distribution systems more nvulnerable to permanent deformation caused by earthquake-induced liquefaction.

  9. WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS • Vulnerability is a function of materials, age, maintenance, and the system’s exposure as a site-specific, or a spatially- distributed above-or-below-ground system.

  10. OVERVIEW OF RISK WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FACE DIFFERENT RISKS FROM DIFFERENT NATURAL HAZARDS

  11. HAZARDS EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY LOCATION ELEMENTS OF RISK RISK

  12. NATURAL HAZARDS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY RESILIENT SYSTEMS RISK ASSESSMENT ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE WATER, WASTE WATER, AD DUSTRIBION SYSTEMS DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

  13. DAMAGE; INJURIES FAILURE; DEATHS LOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSS ELEMENTS OF UNACCEPTABLE RISK RISK

  14. RISK MODELING RISK = NAT. HAZARD x EXPOSURE NOTE: X = CONVOLUTION SPECIFIC HAZARD: EXPOSURE: PEOPLE BUILDING STOCK WATER SYSTEMS GOVERNMENT & BUSINESSES

  15. INSURERS MODEL THE RISK DISTRIBUTION FOR ALL EXPOSURES AND ALL EVENTS Total Area Under Curve = EAL for Entire Portfolio of Risks Layers & Slices = Retentions and Transferred Amounts Individual ModeledEvents Event Probability Individual ModeledEvents 1% Tail of the Distribution 1% 1/100 Threshold Event Dollars of Loss

  16. “DISASTER RISK LABORATORIES” CONSIDER ALL PAST LOCAL-SCALE AND REGIONAL-SCALE EVENTS AS DISASTER RISK LABORATORIES

  17. EARTHQUAKES

  18. An Earthquake Can Cause A Disaster (Japan 2011)

  19. CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING, LIQUE-FACTION & LANDSLIDES) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN, AND ROUTE EARTHQUAKES TSUNAMI IMPACTS “DISASTER LABORATORIES” POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

  20. TSUNAMIS

  21. A TSUNAMI CAN CAUSE A DISASTER(Thailand 2004)

  22. CAUSES OF DAMAGE HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS TSUNAMIS INUNDATION “DISASTER LABORATORIES” INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

  23. FLOODS

  24. A FLOOD CAN CAUSE A DISASTER (China 2007)

  25. CAUSES OF RISK LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURE & CONTENTS: DAMAGED BY WATER FLOODS WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) DISASTER LABORATORIES EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER

  26. SEVERE WINDSTORMS

  27. A SEVERE WINDSTORM CAN CAUSE A DISASTER

  28. CAUSES OF DAMAGE WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM INUNDATION AND MUDFLOWS STORM SURGE SEVERE WINDSTORMS IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN “DISASTER LABORATORIES” SITING PROBLEMS FLYING DEBRIS

  29. Storm Hazards: • Wind pressure • Surge • Rain • Flood • Waves • Salt water • Missiles • Tornadoes • SEVERE WINDSTORMS • INVENTORY • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY RISK ASSESSMENT FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK SEVERE WINDSTORM RISK REDUCTION Wind profile DATA BASES AND INFORMATION Gradient Wind Ocean COMMUNITY

  30. LANDSLIDES

  31. A MAJOR LANDSLIDE CAN CAUSE A DISASTER

  32. CAUSES OF DAMAGE SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS LANDSLIDES SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS DISASTER LABORATORIES PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE

  33. DISASTER RESILEINCEAGLOBAL GOAL FOR WATER-, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS:

  34. TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE

  35. DISASTERS OCCUR WHEN---WATER-, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ARE LEFT … UN—PROTECTED AGAINST THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF NATURAL HAZARDS

  36. RISK MODELING • VULNERABILITY • EXPOSURE • EVENT • COST • BENEFIT “WATER SYSTEMS” EXPECTED LOSS DISASTER RESILIENCE • CONSEQUENCES POLICY IMPLEMENTATION TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE

  37. EARTHQUAKES

  38. CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING ) IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS EARTHQUAKES FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE CASE HISTORIES POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

  39. INADEQUATE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS (I.E., BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS) MEAN 1) INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING 2) COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS AND LOSS OF FUNCTION OF LIFELINES

  40. SICHUAN, CHINA: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

  41. HAITI: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

  42. TURKEY: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

  43. CHINA: DAMS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

  44. JAPAN: NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS NEED PROTECION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

  45. UNDERGROUND UTILITIES NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE • A UTILITY CORRIDOR IS VULNERABLE TO LOSS OF FUNCTION WHEN ROUTED THROUGH SOILS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION.

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