THE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ENGLISH COURSE – ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES IV

1. THEFACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCEENGLISH COURSE – ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES IV UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGRO

2. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

3. What is common to the following sentences? I will call you if I have time. She would come if she had time. If I had known that I would not have done it.

4. FIRST CONDITIONAL If the weather isnice, we will go for a walk. If you don’t apologize, she will never trustyou again. If clause: PRESENT SIMPLE Main clause:FUTURE SIMPLE The first conditional refers to the present and future. It expresses a possible condition and its probable result in the future.

5. FIRST CONDITIONAL THE BEST WAY TO TRANSLATE FIRST CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IS BY USING “AKO” IN OUR LANGUAGE! SOMETIMES “UKOLIKO” CAN BE USED TOO.

6. Translate the following sentences: Ako dođe, pozvaću te. If he comes, I will call you. Ukoliko budem imao vremena, posjetiću ih. If I have time, I will visit them. Kupiću taj brod ako budem imao dovoljno novca. I will buy that boat if I have enough money. Neću Vas uznemiravati ako ste zauzeti. I will not disturb you if you are busy.

7. SECOND CONDITIONAL Jack wants to buy a house but he can’t do this because he doesn’t have any money. If I had a lot of money, I would buy a big house.

8. SECOND CONDITIONAL Susan wants to phone Paul but she can’t do this because she doesn’t know his number. If I knew his number, I would phone him.

9. SECOND CONDITIONAL The second conditional refers to the present and future. It expresses an unreal situation and its probable result. The situation or condition is improbable, impossible, imaginary, or contrary to known facts.

10. SECOND CONDITIONAL If I had a lot of money, I would buy a big house. If I knew his number, I would phone him. if-clause:PAST TENSE SIMPLE main clause:PRESENT CONDITIONALwould + infinitive

11. FIRST v. SECOND CONDITIONAL HOW TO RECOGNIZE SECOND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: SECOND CONDITIONAL REFERS TO PRESENT OR FUTURE SO YOU COULD ALWAYS ADD “SADA” ILI “SJUTRA” TO CHECK IF THE SENTENCE REFERS TO PRESENT TIME: KAD BIH ZNAO ŠTA SE DESILO REKAO BIH TI. KAD BIH ZNAO (SADA) ŠTA SE DESILO REKAO BIH TI (SADA) DA ZNAM KO JE ONA POZVAO BIH JE. DA ZNAM (SADA) KO JE ONA POZVAO BIH JE.

12. FIRST v. SECOND CONDITIONAL SECOND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ARE TRANSLATED EITHER USING: KAD BIH/KAD BISMO/KAD BISTE .... ILI DA + PREZENT (DA ZNAM, DA UMIJEM, DA SMATRAM ....)

13. Translate the following sentences: 1. Da imam novca, kupio bih auto. 2. Kad bih znao njeno ime, pozvao bih je. 3. Da imam vremena, napisao bih joj pismo.4. Da sam na tvom mjestu, ne bih to učinio.

14. THIRD CONDITIONAL Jack wanted to buy a house last year but he couldn’t do that because he didn’t have any money. If I had had a lot of money, I would have bought a big house.

15. THIRD CONDITIONAL Yesterday, Susan wanted to phone Paul but she couldn’t do that because she didn’t know his number. If I had known his number, I would have phoned him.

16. THIRD CONDITIONAL The third conditional refers to the past and it is not based on facts. It expresses the a situation which is contrary to reality in the past.

17. THIRD CONDITIONAL If I had had a lot of money, I would have bought a big house. If I had known his number, I would have phoned him. if-clause:PAST PERFECT SIMPLE main clause:PAST CONDITIONALwould have + past participle

18. SECOND v. THIRD CONDITIONAL THE DIFFERENCE: SECOND and THIRD CONDITIONAL The difference is about time. Second conditional: refers to the present and future Third conditional: refers to the past situations

19. SECOND v. THIRD CONDITIONAL THIRD CONDITIONAL SENTENCES CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY INSERTING ADVERB – “JUČE” DA SAM ZNAO ISTINU.... DA SMO IMALI VREMENA.... DA SU NAS POZVALI... (JUČE)

20. SECOND v. THIRD CONDITIONAL IN THIRD CONDITIONAL SENTENCES WE USE: DA + PERFEKAT (DA SMO ZNALI, DA SMO UMJELI, DA SU REKLI, DA SU NAS OBAVIJESTILI...)

21. SECOND v. THIRD CONDITIONAL Translate the following sentences: Da sam bio tamo, reko bih joj istinu. Da sam znao da je u bolnici, posjetio bih je. Da smo pobjedili, kupio bih jahtu.

22. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES - SUMMARY FIRST CONDITIONAL AKA THE REAL/OPEN CODITIONAL IF + SIMPLE PRESENT WILL/WON’T + INFINITIVE HOW TO RECOGNIZE FIRST CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: CONJUNCTIONS AKO/UKOLIKO ARE ALWAYS USED! AKO POZOVE, OBAVIJESTIĆU TE. AKO BUDEM IMAO VREMENA, POSJETIĆU IH.

23. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES - SUMMARY SECOND CONDITIONAL AKA THE IMPROBABLE/UNREAL CODITIONAL (ŠBBKBB) IF + SIMPLE PAST WOULD/WOULDN’T + INFINITIVE HOW TO RECOGNIZE SECOND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: SENTENCES ALWAYS REFER TO NOW, THIS MOMENT OR THE FUTURE! TRY TO INSERT SADA ILI SJUTRA TO HELP YOU IDENTIFY TIME REFERENCE. KAD BIH/KAD BI TI/KAD BISMO/KAD BISTE ... OR DA ZNAM, DA UMIJEMO, DA IMAJU

24. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES - SUMMARY KAD BISMO IMALI VREMENA POZVALI BISMO TE. DA UMIJEM DA SVIRAM GITARU, ODSVIRAO BIH TU PJESMU. DA IMAM MILION DOLARA, KUPIO BIH TU ZGRADU. KADA BISMO ZNALI O ČEMU JE RIJEČ, REKLI BISMO TI. MAŠTAMO ŠTA BISMO SADA/SJUTRA PROMIJENILI. MEĐUTIM, SUROVA REALNOST NAS OPOMINJE DA SAMO MAŠTAMO OTUD USLOVLJAVANJE. REČENICE U DRUGOM KONDICIONALU SU U SUKOBU SA REALNOŠĆU.

25. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES - SUMMARY THIRD CONDITIONAL AKA THE IMPOSSIBLE CODITIONAL (ŠTA BI BILO DA JE BILO) IF + PAST PERFECT WOULD/WOULDN’T HAVE + V-ED/III column (PAST PARTICIPLE)

26. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES - SUMMARY HOW TO RECOGNIZE THIRD CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: SENTENCES ALWAYS REFER TO THE PAST ! TRY TO INSERT JUČE ILI TADA TO HELP YOU IDENTIFY TIME REFERENCE. DA SAM ZNAO, DA SI UMIO, DA JE OTKRIO, DA SMO SE POTRUDILI, DA SU POŠLI (JUČE, NE SADA!)

27. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES - SUMMARY DA SMO IMALI VREMENA POZVALI BISMO TE. DA SAM UMIO DA SVIRAM GITARU, ODSVIRAO BIH TU PJESMU. DA SAM IMAO MILION DOLARA, KUPIO BIH TU ZGRADU. DA SMO ZNALI O ČEMU JE RIJEČ, REKLI BISMO TI. MAŠTAMO ŠTA BISMO PROMIJENILI U PROŠLOSTI, SVJESNI DA JE TO APSOLUTNO NEMOGUĆE!

28. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES Ako dođete na sastanak, nećete biti otpušteni. If you come to the meeting/attend the meeting, you will not be fired. Ako donesu odluku na vrijeme, svi ćemo biti zadovoljni. If they make the decision on time, we will all be happy/pleased. Ako predate izvještaj do večeras, objavićemo ga If you submit the report by tonight, we will publish it. Biće vrlo umorni ako putuju cijele noći. They will be very tired if they travel all night.

29. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES Da imam vremena, došao bih. If I had time, I would come. Da je padala kiša, ja bih otišao kući. If it had been raining/had rained, I would have gone home. Da je pažljiviji, ne bi bio u neprilici. If he were more careful, he would not be in trouble. Da li biste ih posjetili i da vas nisu pozvali? Would you have visited them even if they hadn’t invited you?

30. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES Da li biste ih posjetili i da vas nisu pozvali? Would you have visited them even if they hadn’t invited you? Da ne pada kiša išao bih na utakmicu. If it weren’t raining, I would go to the game. Da sam išao autobusom, stigao bih kući na vrijeme. If I had taken the bus, I would have come home on time. Da sam preveo sve ove rečenice, položio bih ispit. If I had translated all these sentences, I would have passed the exam.

31. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES Dasampreveosveoverečenice, znaobihkakodauradimovuvježbu. If I had translated all these sentences, I would have known how to do thisexercise. Dasmoriješilitaj problem, EU bi nampomogla. If we had solved that problem, EU would have helped us. Dasmozaključiliugovorsanjima, bilibismouspješniji. If we had concluded/signed the contract with them, we would have been more successful. Da ste bili na sastanku, vi biste ga vidjeli. If you had been at the meeting, you would have seen him.

32. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES Da ste mi juče to kazali odmah bih napisao pismo. If you had told me that yesterday, I would have written the letter immediately. Da ste pročitali novine, znali biste novosti. If you had read the newspapers, you would have known the news. Da su potpisali ugovor, sve bi bilo drugačije. If they had signed the contract, everything would have been different. Kad bi sad došao dao bi nam najbolji savjet. If he came now, he would give us the best advice.

33. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES Kad bi sad stigao, on bi nam rekao šta da radimo. If he came now, he would tell us what to do. Kad bih bio član Parlamenta, bio bih mnogo odgovorniji. If I were a member of the Parliament, I would be more responsible. Kad bih znao odgovor na to pitanje, rekao bih vam. If I knew the answer to that question, I would tell you.

34. Reported Speech Rules & exercises

35. Indirect speech This is sometimes called REPORTED SPEECH. When we use indirect speech in our writing: • We don’t use speech marks. • We usually have to change pronouns and verb tenses. • We don’t have to start a new line when we report a new speaker’s words.

36. She says: I am happy. She says that SHE is happy. John says: We are in London. John says that THEY are in London. Ross confirms: I will not come to the party. Ross confirms that HE will not come to the party.

37. How to turn direct sentences into indirect sentences IS A SENTENCE a) A STATEMENT b) ANORDER/REQUEST/COMMAND/ADVICE OR COMPARE: I LOVE HER. SHE LIVES IN BROOKLYN. THEY HAVE NEVER BEEN HERE. DON’T CALL ME. OPEN THE WINDOW. PLEASE TURN ON THE RADIO.

38. STATEMENTS HAVE SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. • 2. COMMANDS AND REQUESTS USUALLY START WITH A VERB OR DON’T SINCE THEY ARE IMPERATIVE.

39. Statements • We use reported speech when we are telling someone what another person said or thought, but do not use their exact words. • When we report a statement, we use reported verbs such assay, tell, explain, inform, state, decideetc. often followed by that

40. Tenses Present simple tense into Past simple Present Continuous tense into Past continuous Present Perfect tense into Past perfect Present Perfect Continuous into Past perfect cont. Past simple into Past Perfect Past Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect into Past PerfectFuture will into would

41. AM, IS, ARE WAS, WERE HAVE, HAS HAD WOULD WILL, SHALL COULD CAN MUST HAD TO HAD BEEN WAS, WERE HAD HAD HAD

42. She said „I am in London“. She said THAT SHE WAS IN LONDON. He said „We will be late“. He said THAT HE WOULD BE LATE. They said „He has bought a car“. They said THAT HE HAD BOUGHT A CAR. We insisted „They must change their plans“. We insisted THAT THEY HAD TO CHANGE THEIR PLANS. They confessed „We were in trouble“. They confessed THAT THEY HAD BEEN IN TROUBLE. She admitted „I had a great time“. She admitted THAT SHE HAD HAD A GREAT TIME.

43. Tense change • Present Simple Past Simple • Past Simple Past Perfect

44. STARTED START JOINED JOINS WENT GOES WENT HAD GONE HAD LEFT LEFT HAD TRIED TRIED

45. COMMANDS, REQUESTS, GIVING ADVICE S + TOLD + PERSON + TO ili NOT TO

47. Commands and requests Mike advised Ken:”Make it up with Pauline!” Mike advised Ken to make it up with Pauline. She told me: Buy the milk! She told me to buy the milk.

48. Ken: “Don’t spread it around, Mike.” Ken told Mike not to spread it around.

49. OBJECT IS MANDATORY IN THIS KIND OF SENTENCES!!! HE TOLD TO DO IT. WRONG HE TOLD JANE TO DO IT. RIGHT Do not run here, he ordered. He ordered not to run here. WRONG He ordered me/the boys/people not to run there. RIGHT

50. IS THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE CORRECT: “GO HOME” SHE SAID TO ME. SHE SAID TO ME TO GO HOME. NEVER SHOULD YOU USE SAID TO ME IN INDIRECT COMMANDS AND REQUESTS! PAY ATTENTION: SAY TO SOMEONE TOLD SOMEONE