TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS

1. TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS Mussolini Hitler Stalin

3. TOTALITARIANISM • Phenomenon in between wars • Mass Politics • Communication – motion pictures, radio • Irrational ideologies • Anti-Semitism, glorification of violence, extreme nationalism • Social Darwinism – racists, domination of the “weaker”

4. TOTALITARIANISM • 1920’s – 1930’s • Complete control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of people’s lives • Totalitarian Tyranny – Fascism, Nazism, and Communism – “Feuding Brothers” with a common father – WAR - Elie Halevy – Era of Tyrannies

5. POST-WAR ITALY • Italia Irredenta – “unredeemed Italy” • Italian Nationalism • Dissatisfied with the “spoils” of war • Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946) • Parliamentary Democracy • Prime Minister

7. TOTALITARIANISM • Political Muddle – no dominate political party • Peasants seized land • Industrial Strikes • Lack of democratic tradition • Threat of Communism • Irredenta – “unredeemed Italy

8. BENITO MUSSOLINI • 1883-1945 • Il Duce • Italian Dictator (1922-1945) • School teacher, journalist, public speaker, political agitator • Fascism

9. THE FASCIST SYMBOL • Comes from the Latin word fasces • In ancient Rome, the fasces were cylindrical bundles of wooden rods, tied tightly together around an axe. • They symbolize unity and power.

10. DEFINTION • Fascism is the totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life.

11. CHARACTARISTICS • Extreme right-wing ideology • Ultra Nationalism • Class unity not Class struggle • Militarism – Glorification of Force • Use of Violence – suppress opposition • Subordination of individual to the state • Disdain for liberalism, communism, intellectuals, arts

12. CHARACTARISTICS • Secret Police/Censorship • One political party • World Conquest • Anti-capitalistic • Propaganda over truth • Modern technology – “mass politics” to lie & kill • Controlled Mass Media

13. CHARACTARISTICS • Suppressed labor unions • Protected industrial and corporate aristocracy “Corporate State” • Censorship – state controlled mass media • Fraudulent elections, corruption • Cult of Personality

14. CORPORATE STATE • CORPORATE STATE • “Fascism should rightly be called Corporatism, as it is the merger of corporate and government power.” • Fear of Socialism led many industrialists to back Mussolini ($$$$) • Goal – end class conflict, increase production, end strikes • Reality – destroyed workers’ rights

15. RISE TO POWER • WEAK GOV’T= Order rather than some vague social justice • NATIONALISTIC APPEAL= Roman Empire – youth, veterans, army • ECONOMIC DISTRESS= high taxes WWI, unemployment, landless peasants, inflation • FEAR OF COMMUNISM= Bolshevik revolution

16. RISE TO POWER • “Black Shirts”-paramilitary group – ultra nationalists, ex-soldiers • Violently attacked socialists, communists, strikes, labor unions

17. MARCH ON ROME • MARCH ON ROME – 1922 • Threat of a coup d’etat • Victor Emmanuel III appoints Mussolini Prime Minister • Elections laws altered – Fascists won 2/3rds vote • Mussolini ruled by decree – Single Party Dictatorship

18. OPPOSITION • Giacomo Matteotti (1885-1924) • Leader of the United Socialist Party • Led the campaign against Mussolini

19. THE CHURCH • LATERAN ACCORDS (1929) • Pope Pius XI • The creation of The Vatican City • $85 million • “Man of Providence” • “Fascism is a religion. The twentieth century will be known in history as the century of Fascism.” -Mussolini

21. I believe in the high Duce, maker of the Black Shirts, And in Jesus Christ his only protector. • Our Savior was conceived by a good teacher and an industrious blacksmith. • He was a valiant soldier; he had some enemies. • He came down to Rome. On the third day, he reestablished the state. • He ascended into the high office. • He is seated at the right hand of our Sovereign. • From there, he has come to judge Bolshevism. • I believe in the wise laws, the Communion of Citizens, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of Italy and the eternal force. Amen.

23. CULT OF PERSONALITY • Youth Movement “I believe in Rome, the Eternal, the mother of my country……I believe in the genius of Mussolini…and in the resurrection of the Empire."

24. CULT OF PERSONALITY • Education • “Make Way for Youth” • "War is to the male what childbearing is to the female.“ • “Believe, Obey, Fight” • Women tax credits for more children

25. CULT OF PERSONALITY • Racial Laws 1938 • Social Darwinism • Strong nation vs. weak • Strong race vs. weak • Anti-Semitism?

27. CULT OF PERSONALITY “Let us have a dagger between our teeth, a bomb in our hands, and an infinite scorn in our hearts.”

30. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • (1936-1939) • First Spanish Republic (1873-1887) • Monarchy (1887-1931) • Military Dictatorship (1923-1931) • Second Republic (1931-1936) • Political fragmentation – communists, anarchists, monarchists, fascists, republicans

32. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • Popular Front – Coalition • Francisco Franco (1892-1975) • Caudillo – “Leader” • Spanish General – coup d’etat • Right-Wing Falange Party (Nationalists) • Aided by Mussolini and Hitler • Republicans – supported by Stalin

34. GUERNICA(1937) -Pablo Picasso

35. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • Dress rehearsal for WWII • Tested new weapons • Mussolini sent 70,000 troops (Nationalists) • Hitler sent the latest planes & armaments • Stalin sent volunteers to support the Republican cause • US, FRANCE, GB, - non-intervention

36. Salvador Dali (1936) Soft Construction with Beans

37. FRANCISCO FRANCO • “One State! One Country! One Chief! Franco! Franco! Franco! • Generalisimo “commander in chief” • Criticism = Treason • Universal Suffrage – eliminated • Political Parties outlawed • Catholic Church restored

38. SPANISH CIVIL WAR WAS A DRESS REHEARSAL FOR WWII