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ELECTRIC DRIVES

ELECTRIC DRIVES. Ion Boldea S.A.Nasar 1998. 5. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER D.C. BRUSH MOTOR DRIVES. Table 5.1. Phase controlled rectifier circuits. 5.2. PERFORMANCE INDICES.

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ELECTRIC DRIVES

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  1. ELECTRIC DRIVES Ion Boldea S.A.Nasar 1998 Electric Drives

  2. 5. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER D.C. BRUSH MOTOR DRIVES Table 5.1. Phase controlled rectifier circuits Electric Drives

  3. Electric Drives

  4. Electric Drives

  5. 5.2. PERFORMANCE INDICES • As the d.c. motor current, when fed from phase controlled a.c. - d.c. converters, is not constant and a.c. supply current is not sinusoidal, adequate performance indexes for the motor - converter combination should be defined. • The main performance indexes related to the motor are: • the torque - speed characteristic; • nature of motor current - continuous or discontinuous; • average motor current Ia: If the supply voltage is a pure sinusoid only the fundamental of input current will produce the mean input power and thus: (5.4) where: V - rms supply phase voltage; I - rms supply phase current; I1 - rms fundamental component of a.c. supply current; j1 - angle between supply voltage and current fundamentals. Electric Drives

  6. input displacement factor DF or the fundamental power factor: • (5.5) • harmonic factor HF: • (5.6) • Ih - rms value of the net harmonic current. Electric Drives

  7. 5.3. SINGLE P.E.S. CONTROLLED RECTIFIER • A d.c. brush motor with separate excitation with the data: Kelp = 2Wb, Ra = 5W, La = 0.1H is fed through a thyristor (figure 5.1) from a single phase a.c. source whose voltage is . • The motor speed is considered constant at n = 750rpm. • a. Calculate the motor current ia time variation for a delay angle a = +300; • b. How the motor voltage Va varies in time? • c. How ia varies in time in presence of a free wheeling diode in parallel with the motor armature (figure 5.1)? The thyristor and the diode are considered as ideal switches. • Solution: • a. For wt>a (figure 5.1) with discontinuous current: (5.8) Electric Drives

  8. Figure 5.1. A d.c. brush motor supplied through a thyristor with the initial condition ia = 0 for w1t = a = p/6. The steady state solution is: (5.9) and finally: (5.10) Electric Drives

  9. The complete solution: (5.11) For t = t1 = a / w1 = p/(6.2p.60) = 1.3888.10-3 s ia(t) = 0 and thus: (5.12) and (5.13) (5.14) Electric Drives

  10. Finally (5.15) Equation (5.15) is valid for w1t > p/6 until the current becomes zero soon after w1t =p as shown in figure 5.1. • b. The motor voltage is equal to the source voltage as long as the thyristor is on and becomes equal to minus the e.m.f.: • ,when the motor current is zero • (figure 5.1) • c. In presence of the free wheeling diode D, the latter starts conducting when V(t) becomes negative (w1t =p). • From now on the motor current ia’ flows through the diode until it becomes zero: • (5.16) • with ia’(0) = ia(p) (5.17) • (5.18) Electric Drives

  11. (5.19) A’ = 12.78319 A. Thus (5.20) The current ia’ = 0 for w1t’ = 7.070. The motor voltage Va becomes zero during the time interval when the free wheeling diode is conducting (1800 to 1800+7.070). Electric Drives

  12. 5.5. THE SINGLE PHASE FULL CONVERTER A d.c. motor of 7kW and 1200rpm rating with separate excitation is supplied through a single phase full converter as shown in figure 5.3.a. The other data are Ra = 0.2W, rated current Iar = 40A, Kelp = 10Wb, the a.c. supply voltage (rms) is 260V. a. Draw the voltage and current waveforms for steady state and finite motor armature inductance and a = 450 and a = 1350. b. For a firing angle of a = 300 and rated motor current (rectifier regime) calculate: motor speed, torque and supply power factor, neglecting the motor current ripple. c. By reversing the field current the motor back e.m.f. Eg is reversed; for rated current calculate: converter firing angle a’ and the power fed back to the supply. Electric Drives

  13. a.) Figure 5.3. The d.c. brush motor fed through a single phase full converter a.) the converter b.), c.), d.), e.) - voltage and current waveforms for motor action (a = 450) f.), g.), h.) - for generator action (a = 1350) Electric Drives

  14. Solution: a. The waveforms of currents and voltages are shown on figure 5.3. It should be noted that because the motor inductance is not very high the armature current, and speed pulsate with time. Motor action is obtained for a = 450 when both the motor and converter average input powers are positive. For generator action (a = 1350) the motor current remains positive but the motor average voltage Va is negative. Thus both the motor and converter input average powers are negative for generating. b. As the motor current is considered ripple - free we use only the average values of voltage and current while the speed is also constant. The average motor voltage Vav is: (5.31) Electric Drives

  15. The motor torque Te is: (5.32) The motor speed n is: (5.33) As the primary current is now rectangular (40A) the rms current I1 = 40A. The power from the supply, neglecting the losses, . Thus the supply power factor: (5.34) c. For generator action the polarity of induced voltage should be reversed: (5.35) Thus the motor voltage Va becomes: (5.36) Electric Drives

  16. Finally: (5.37) The regenerated power: (5.38) As for this regime, either the flux lp or the speed n changes sign the motor torque opposes the motion providing generator braking. In the process the motor speed and e.m.f. decrease and in order to keep the current constant the firing angle a>900 in the converter should be modified accordingly. For the motor as above, having La = 2mH, calculate the following: d. For a = 600 and constant speed n = 1200 rpm draw the voltage and current waveforms knowing that the motor current is discontinuous. e. Calculate the motor current waveform for n = 600 rpm. Electric Drives

  17. Solution: As the motor electrical time constant te = La / Ra = 2.10-3 / 0.2 = 10ms is small, when the voltage becomes zero (for w1t = p), the motor current decays quickly to zero along the angle b (from p to p+b) with b<a and thus the current is discontinuous. As a increases, for a given speed n (and e.m.f. eg), the average voltage Vav decreases with respect to the case of continuous current. The discontinuity of current contributes to a sluggish dynamic response as during zero current motor internal torque control is lost. The situation occurs especially at low torques (and currents). Special measures such as flux weakening (reducing lp) for low torques leads to reduced a at high speeds avoiding the discontinuity in current. Figure 5.4. D.c brush motor supplied from a full converter - discontinuous current mode Electric Drives

  18. With the speed considered constant the voltage equation is: (5.39) with ia = 0 for w1t1 = a, the solution of above equation is: (5.40) for and thus: (5.41) (5.42) The current becomes again zero for w1t2 = p+b: (5.43) The solution for b is . Electric Drives

  19. 5.7. THE THREE PHASE FULL CONVERTER - MOTOR SIDE A three phase full converter (figure 5.6) supplying a d.c. motor has the data: line voltage VL = 220V (rms), Kelp = 10Wb, Ra = 0.2W and neglect the ripples in the motor current. a. For Ls equal to zero calculate the output average voltage as a function of the delay angle a and; for a = 300 determine the motor speed for Ia = 50A. b. Considering the a.c. source inductance Ls0 determine the expression of the output voltage as a function of a and Ia and calculate the motor speed for Ia = 50A, a = 300 and Ls = 11mH. c. Calculate the overlapping angle at commutation for case b.). Solution: The principle of operation is quite similar to that of the previous case. However only a 600 conduction of each pair of thyristors occurs as shown in figure 5.6. In the absence of a.c. source inductances Ls (Ls = 0) the commutation is instantaneous. The average output voltage Vav is: (5.48) Electric Drives

  20. Figure 5.6. D.c. brush motor fed from a three phase full converter Consequently Vav<0 (Vav>0) depending on a. For a<90 the average output voltage Vav is positive, that is rectifier mode; for a>90 Vav<0 and thus the inverter mode is obtained. The motor current remains positive irrespective of a. Two quadrant operation is obtained. Electric Drives

  21. The motor voltage equation is: (5.49) (5.50) b. The effect of a.c. source inductances Ls on current commutation is shown in figure 5.7 for the case of constant motor current (similar to the diode full converter (chapter 3)). The commutation between T1 and T5 is not anymore instantaneous; an overlapping angle u occurs. The effect of actual commutation is in fact a reduction of output voltage Vd determined by the area Au when a kind of shortcircuit occurs between phases a and c. (5.51) This is so since the current in phase a is zero for w1t = a and equal to Id for w1t = a +u. The average voltage is reduced by 3 / p Au. Electric Drives

  22. Finally the average voltage is equal to that already found for Ls = 0 minus 3 / p Au: (5.52) Figure 5.7. The current commutation in presence of a.c. source side inductances Ls Electric Drives

  23. As we can see the angle u is not required to calculate the output voltage Vd. However it is needed to ensure reliable operation in the inverter mode (a>900). The second Kirchoff law for phase a and c during commutation provides the equation: (5.53) with , that is (5.54) Thus: (5.55) with (5.56) (5.57) and finally (5.58) Electric Drives

  24. Thus knowing a and Id we may calculate the overlapping angle u. In the inverter mode (a>900) the commutation should be finished before a + u = p in order to allow the turn off time toff required for the recombination of charged particles in the thyristors ( ) for negative voltage along the turning off thyristors. The rectifier voltage Vd for a=p / 6 and Id = 50 is: (5.59) (5.60) The reduction of output voltage for the same a due to commutation with 18V has contributed to a notable reduction in speed, for 50A, from 1484.58 rpm to 1376.58 rpm. c. To calculate the overlapping angle u we use the expression derived above: (5.61) A considerable value for u has been obtained. Electric Drives

  25. 5.8. THE THREE PHASE FULL CONVERTER - SOURCE SIDE ASPECTS For the three phase full converter and d.c. motor in the previous example with Ls = 0 for a = 00, a = 450 with Id = 50A determine: a. The waveforms of a.c. source current and its harmonics factor. b. The rms of source current fundamental and of the total source current. c. The displacement power factor for Ls = 0 and Ls = 1mH for a = 450. d. Calculate the line voltage and voltage distorsion due to Ls = 1mH and a = 450. Solution: a. As the motor armature current is considered constant the a.c. source current is rectangular as shown in figure 5.8.a and b. The presence of a.c. source inductances Ls0 leads to the overlapping angle u0. b. The rms value of the current fundamental, Ia1, is: (5.62) Electric Drives

  26. Figure 5.8. A.c. source currents in a three phase full converter and constant motor current a.) for a = 0, Ls = 0; b.) for a = 450, Ls = 0; c.) for a = 450, Ls = 1mH Electric Drives

  27. For the total a.c. source current which is made of rectangular 1200 wide “blocks”: (5.63) In the absence of Ls the displacement power factor (DPF) angle is equal to a and thus the DPF is: (5.64) In the presence of Ls the displacement power factor is approximately: (5.65) To calculate u for a = 450 we use equation (5.58): (5.66) Finally: Electric Drives

  28. The current commutation in the presence of Ls produces a further reduction of displacement power factor. In general the DPF decreases with a increasing which constitutes a notable disadvantage of phase delay a.c. - d.c. converters. Special measures are required to improve DPF with a increasing. d. The a.c. source current overlapping during commutation produces notches in the line voltage. From figure 5.9. we may obtain Vab = Van - Vbn of the waveform shown in figure 5.9. Figure 5.9. A.c source line voltage notches due to Ls (commutation) Electric Drives

  29. Considering u as small, the deep notch depth is considered equal to and thus the notch width u is approximately: (5.67) The depth of shallow notches is considered half of that of deep notches. IEEEE standard 519 - 1981 suggests the limitation of line notches to 250ms (5.4. electrical degrees) and the deep notch depth to 70% of rated peak line voltage in order to perform satisfactorily. Special filtering is required to cope with more recent standards. The voltage distorsion due to notches depends on the harmonics currents In and the a.c. source inductance Ls: (5.68) with due to the almost rectangular form of a.c. source current. Electric Drives

  30. 5.9. THE DUAL CONVERTER - FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION Figure 5.10. Dual converter with circulating current supplying a d.c. brush motor Electric Drives

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