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The Swinging Sixties (1960-1968)

Explore the influential era of the 1960s in American history, focusing on the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, civil rights movement, cultural developments, and foreign events.

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The Swinging Sixties (1960-1968)

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  1. The Swinging Sixties(1960-1968) AP U.S. History

  2. John F. Kennedy (D) Catholic Lyndon Johnson as VP Richard Nixon (R) First nationally televised debate Election of 1960

  3. John F. Kennedy (D) (1961-1963) • New Frontier • Expansion of social welfare • Clean Air Act (1963) • Peace Corps • “Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.” • 23rd Amendment (1961) • Electoral votes for D.C. • Social and Cultural Developments • Civil Rights Movement • Freedom Rides • Stand in the Schoolhouse Door (June 1963) • March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963) • Feminism • The Feminine Mystique (1963) • Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962) • Foreign Developments • Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) • Berlin Wall • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

  4. John F. Kennedy (D) (1961-1963)Flexible Response • Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara • Develop conventional military strategies and policies • Nuclear weapon escalation as last phase • Alliance for Progress (1961) • Economic cooperation with Latin America • Peace Corps (1961) • American University Speech (1963) • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) • Vietnam (1963) • Military advisors for South Vietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem

  5. Kennedy & Flexible Response (1961-1963)Berlin Wall • Berlin Crisis (1961) • Berlin Wall (1961) • Checkpoint Charlie • “Ich Bin Ein Berliner” (1963) Premier Nikita Khrushchev and JFK (1961)

  6. Kennedy & Flexible Response (1961-1963)Cuba Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Soviet missiles in Cuba

  7. Kennedy’s Assassination • Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 • Warren Commission • Investigations and hearings ruled Lee Harvey Oswald as lone assassin • Conspiracy theories led to doubt of federal government • Lyndon B. Johnson assumes office JFK moments before his assassination in Dallas Lee Harvey Oswald shot by Jack Ruby LBJ takes oath of office on Air Force One

  8. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969) • Great Society • War on Poverty • 24th Amendment (1964) • Poll taxes unconstitutional • 25th Amendment (1967) • Presidential succession • Social and Cultural Developments • Civil Rights Movement • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • March to Selma (March 1965) • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Counterculture Movement • Free Speech Movement (1964) • Woodstock Music Festival (1969) • Feminism • National Organization for Women (NOW) (1966) • Foreign Developments • Vietnam • Gulf of Tonkin Incident

  9. Election of 1964 • Democrats • Lyndon B. Johnson • Daisy Ad • Republicans • Barry Goldwater • Criticized welfare state policies

  10. War on Poverty Economic Opportunity Act/Office of Economic Opportunity Job Corps Vocational training for young people Community Action Program Food Stamp Act (1964) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Civil Rights Legislation Civil Rights Act of 1964 Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin in public accommodations Voting Rights Act of 1965 Prohibits racial discrimination in voting Prohibits literacy tests Civil Rights Act of 1964 Prohibits discrimination in housing opportunities Immigration Immigration Act of 1965 Abolished the national origins and quota system Education Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) Head Start (1965) Preschool education for low-income children Higher Education Act (1965) Bilingual Education Act (1968) Health Care Medicare Health services for elderly Medicaid Health services for low-income families Housing Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Department of Transportation National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Safety belts, redesigns for protection, drunk driving awareness Environmental Protection Wilderness Act Endangered Species Act Cultural Promotion National Historic Preservation National Endowment for the Arts AND the Humanities Public broadcasting (PBS) and public radio (NPR) Consumer Protection Fair Packaging and Labeling Act Wholesome Meat Act Child Safety Act Truth-in-Lending Act Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969)The Great Society

  11. The Warren Court (1953-1969) • Equality • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Baker v. Carr (1962) • Criminal Justice • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) • Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) • First Amendment • Engel v. Vitale (1962) • Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) • Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) • New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) • Privacy • Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

  12. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969)Vietnam • Gulf of Tonkin (August 1964) • Incident - North Vietnamese fired upon U.S. warships • Resolution - Congress authorized combat troops through Johnson’s urging • Escalation • Operation Rolling Thunder • Troops increases from 1964 to 1969 • 540,000 at most during Vietnam Conflict • Tet Offensive (January 1968) • Vietcong launch surprise attack • U.S. military victory but political and popular victory for Minh and North Vietnamese

  13. Johnson & Vietnam (1963-1969)War and Tragedy

  14. Space Race • National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) (1958) • Response to Sputnik and Yuri Gagarin • Mercury Program • Alan Shepard • First American in space (1961) • John Glenn • First American to orbit Earth (1962) • Kennedy’s Race to the Moon • Apollo Program • Apollo 11 (1969) • “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” - Neil Armstrong

  15. Postwar Reconstruction 13th Amendment end slavery 15th Amendment black suffrage Freedmen’s Bureau Ku Klux Klan and White League Disenfranchisement Plessy v. Ferguson Separate, but equal Jim Crow Laws in the South Progressive Era Gains Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois NAACP and National Urban League Great Migration 1920s Setbacks and Hope Race riots after WWI Lynchings KKK returns Marcus Garvey Harlem Renaissance 1930s Developments New Deal Coalition New Deal provided some relief programs Limited civil rights legislation Civil Rights MovementBackground

  16. Civil Rights MovementBeginning of Progress (1940s) • March on Washington Movement Proposal • A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin • Executive Order 8802 • Smith v. Allwright (1944) • Prohibit all white primaries • Jackie Robinson and Baseball (1947) • Executive Order 9981 (1948) • Desegregation of government and military

  17. Civil Rights MovementDesegregation • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Desegregation of schools • Overrules “separate but equal” • “all deliberate speed” • White Southern Reaction • Southern Manifesto (1956) • Little Rock Nine (1957) • Eisenhower orders National Guard to escort black students to Arkansas high school • Stand at Schoolhouse Door (1963) • University of Alabama • Governor George Wallace • “Segregation Now…”

  18. Civil Rights MovementRosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks (Dec. 1, 1955) • Segregation on Montgomery, AL buses • Refused to give up her seat and arrested • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956) • Supreme Court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional

  19. Civil Rights MovementMartin Luther King Jr. • Passive Resistance • Bayard Rustin • "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity.” • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • Network of churches to organize non-violent civil rights demonstrations

  20. Civil Rights MovementStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Sit-Ins • Freedom Rides • “By 1965, SNCC fielded the largest staff of any civil rights organization in the South. It had organized nonviolent direct action against segregated facilities, as well as voter-registration projects, in Alabama, Arkansas, Maryland, Missouri, Louisiana, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi; built two independent political parties and organized labor unions and agricultural cooperatives; and given the movement for women's liberation new energy. It inspired and trained the activists who began the "New Left." It helped expand the limits of political debate within Black America, and broadened the focus of the civil rights movement. Unlike mainstream civil rights groups, which merely sought integration of Blacks into the existing order, SNCC sought structural changes in American society itself”. - Julian Bond

  21. Civil Rights MovementBirmingham and Washington • Birmingham Campaign (1963) • Letter from Birmingham Jail • “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly… Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.” • March on Washington (8/27/63) • I Have a Dream • Civil Rights Act of 1964

  22. Civil Rights MovementSelma March (1965) • From Selma to Montgomery (Alabama) • Blood Sunday (March 7) • Voting Rights Act of 1965

  23. Civil Rights MovementMalcolm X and Nation of Islam • Malcolm X • Promoted black separatism, black nationalism, black supremacy • “We don’t teach you to turn the other cheek. We teach you to obey the law… But at the same time, we teach you that anyone who puts his hands on you, you do your best to see that he doesn’t put it on anybody else.” • Nation of Islam • Elijah Muhammad • Black separatism and black pride

  24. Civil Rights MovementBlack Power • Stokely Carmichael • SNCC • Black Panthers • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale • “Kill Whitey!” • “Burn, baby, burn!”

  25. Civil Rights MovementUrban Riots • Los Angeles (1965) • Watts neighborhood • 34 deaths, over 1000 injured • Detroit (1967) • National guard and federal troops and tanks sent • 43 deaths, over 1000 injured • Kerner Commission • Frustration among impoverished urban blacks due to white racism • Attempt to improve inter-racial communications

  26. Swinging SixtiesNew Left • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) (1962) • Condemned corporatism, racism, poverty, Vietnam War (“The Establishment”) • Berkeley Free Speech Movement (1964-1965)

  27. Counterculture Movement • Hippies/Flower Children • Non-violent anarchism • Rejection of materialism • Concern for the environment • Youth International Party (Yippies) • Abbie Hoffman • Radical hippies known for theatrical protests and tactics • Sexual Revolution (1960s-1980s) • Kinsey studies, novels, magazines • Contraception and premarital sex • Abortion and Roe v. Wade (1973)

  28. Music as Expression • Themes • Anti-Establishment • Anti-war • Promotion of counterculture • War - Edwin Starr • Artists • Bob Dylan • Jim Morrison • Rolling Stones • The Beatles • Joan Baez • Jimi Hendrix • Woodstock (1969) • 500,000 attend 3-day rock concert

  29. Vietnam Protests Self-immolation was an extreme form of protest. Here, Buddhist monk, Thich Quang Duc, before the U.S. escalation. A few Americans engaged in this extreme act of protest during Vietnam.

  30. 1968The Year of Rage • Tet Offensive (Jan. 30) • My Lai Massacre (Mar. 16) • LBJ Withdraws (Mar. 31) • MLK Assassination (Apr. 4) • Columbia University Protests (Apr. 23-30) • Robert Kennedy Assassination (June 5) • Democratic National Convention Riots (Aug. 22-30) • Nixon wins election (Nov. 5)

  31. Richard Nixon (R) Law and Order Southern Strategy Hubert Humphrey (D) National Convention Riots in Chicago George Wallace American Independent Party Election of 1968

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