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Chapter 19 – Global Exploration

Explore the motives, means, and effects of European expansion in the Age of Exploration. Discover why Europeans began to look towards overseas expansion, the major European colonial powers, and the impact on both European societies and colonized peoples.

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Chapter 19 – Global Exploration

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  1. Chapter 19 – Global Exploration

  2. Age of Exploration • Major Questions: • Why did Europeans with their history of fragmentation and internal problems, begin to look towards expansion abroad? • What were European motives? • Who were the major European colonial powers? • How did they accomplish overseas expansion? • What effects did expansion have on European societies? • What effects did expansion have on colonized or enslaved peoples?

  3. Motives • Question: What were European motives for expansion? • Economic – search for profits: silks, spices and other goods that could benefit the Crown and merchant classes • Religious – Spanish Reconquista – take colonial possessions before Muslims could gain influence • Racial – through contact with other peoples, Europeans formulated ideas of racial superiority – combined ideas of cultural, scientific, religious, economic, and physical superiority

  4. Means • How did Europeans expand beyond Europe? • Creation of stable governments/monarchies • Spanish example – unification of different small kingdoms into one • Battle against Muslims (Reconquista) helped unify Spanish Crown (Ferdinand & Isabella) • Monarchs gained wealth, wanted to spend it on new things: new trade routes, exploration, expansion • New technologies or used borrowed technologies – Portolini (navigation maps), compass, astrolabe, knowledge of wind patterns

  5. Portuguese Maritime Empire • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) • Wanted to find a mythical Christian Kingdom in Africa to ally against Muslims • Acquire new trade opportunities • Extend the influence of Christianity • India and Vasco da Gama • original goal of da Gama’s mission was to destroy the Muslim monopoly over the Spice Trade (economic) • 1497 sails around Cape of Good Hope in Africa • Success = military superiority & seamanship

  6. Global Exploration 1415 – 1522 C.E.

  7. Flow of Commerce in Portuguese World 1600

  8. Lure of Discovery • Spain’s Success = naval superiority, military strength & religious zeal • Spanish Model: • crown maintained control over colonies • most colonists were male (intermarried) • wealth based on exploitation of native population and slaves (not African) • system of encomienda (labor system of service to the local Spanish governors) – brutal exploitation • 1592 Slave Laws – Catholic Church convinced Crown to outlaw the use of the Native population as slaves • http://www.history.com/search.do?searchText=columbus • Link for History Channel information on Christopher Columbus

  9. Other European Colonial Powers • Competition with Spain • France (1534-1635) • North America – 1534 Cartier (fur trade) • Caribbean – Haiti – SUGAR (became most important) • English Attempts • Roanoke, NC (Sir Walter Raleigh), 1585: Link to PBS, Time Team America episode on Roanoke Island • East India Company, 1591 (India)

  10. English in North America French Exploration in Americas

  11. Dutch Overseas Empire • Dutch East India Company, 1602 • designed to breakup Portuguese monopoly • 1621 Dutch West India Company (WIC) – Caribbean & North America • New Amsterdam (New York) – Fur Trade • Curacao (Caribbean – slave trade, pirating, cacao trade) • Trade with Native Americans in North America: Creates problems for French & English and a mini arms race among Native Americans in the Northeast for furs. In exchange for beaver pelts – guns, gun powder, steel headed tomahawks & alcohol

  12. Dutch Atlantic Empire

  13. European Labor Systems • Colonization & Empires based on exploitation of native and African populations • Spanish system = encomienda labor system = mining and agriculture by natives (slaves/serfs) • Portuguese, French, and English = enslavement of Africans • Creation of plantations in Caribbean, No. and So. Americas to grow staple crops: sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton • Racial system of slavery eventually developed – Europeans rationalized only blacks could be slaves

  14. Atlantic Slave Trade, 1701-1810

  15. Columbian Exchange

  16. Links • Related Links for European Exploration: • http://www.nps.gov/seac/outline/07-exploration/index.htm • PBS Link for Guns Germs & Steel • The Columbian Exchange: exchange of crops and germs between Europe and the Americas – primarily benefited Europe, while harming native American societies • Link to National Geographic Columbian Exchange

  17. This link will take you to Guns Germs Steel on YouTube. Link to Guns Germs Steel Episodes 1 and 2 summarize much of what you’ve learned about pre-history and early civilization in this semester. Diamond presents an interesting theory about the roots of inequality and power in human history and is debated very much in history. Episode 7 delves into the European colonial conquest of North and South America.

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