Multicellular Organisms 1

1. Multicellular Organisms 1

2. Living Cells- revision • Cells are the ‘building blocks’ of life. They are the living unit from which all organisms are made.

3. 1. Organisms • Living organisms are made up of cells. • Unicellular organisms consist of one cell. • Multicellular organisms consist of many cells. • humans are made from an estimated 50 trillion cells!

4. Cells Most cells are specialised, meaning that each type of cell has a specific structure and function. They work together, supporting the different processes within an organism. The players in a rugby team are different shapes and sizes because each player does a different job for the team. Like rugby players, cells are different shapes and sizes because they perform different jobs.

5. Red Blood Cell • Function: • Transports oxygen • Features: • Large surface area • Contains haemoglobin

6. Nerve Cell • Function: • Carries electrical signals around the body • Features: • Long and thin. • Can carry electrical impulses

7. Muscle Cell • Function: • Allows movement of bone • Features: • Contains fibres that allow them to shorten

8. Sperm Cell • Function: • Fertilises an egg cell • Features: • Long tail for swimming

9. Root Hair Cell • Function: • Absorbs water and minerals from the soil • Features: • Large surface area

10. Palisade Cell • Function: • Main site of photosynthesis • Features: • Contains many chloroplasts

11. Groups of cells with a similar structure and function which work together are called tissues. Some examples of tissues are: • Muscle • Lining of the lungs • Phloem • Xylem

12. An organ is made from a group of different tissues, which all work together to do a particular job. Some examples of organs are: • Heart • Lungs • Brain • Roots • Stems

13. Organs work together to form organ systems e.g. the digestive system. Together the organ systems form the organism. How many organ systems can you think of? Hint – There are 12!!!

15. Stem Cells • All cells start as basic cells. These are known as Stem cells. • Stem cells are cells that have the ability to become any other cell type.

16. There are roughly 220 different types of cells found in the body. • These cells are specialised meaning they have their own specific job to do.

17. Stem cells are unspecialized cells which divide by mitosis and self- renew. They are important because they can change into other types of cells e.g. nerve cells or heart cells. They are involved in growth and repair. Stem Cell Technology

18. Stem cell therapy is a set of techniques that aim to replace cells damaged or destroyed by disease with healthy functioning ones. Researchers believe that stem cell therapy has the potential to dramatically change the treatment of human disease. However this is controversial. Stem Cell Technology

19. Stem cells an be derived from several sources: 1. Embryonic cells These are extracted from embryos. Often the embryo is destroyed after the cells have been extracted. Stem Cell Technology

20. 2. Adult Stem Cells These are present in adult tissue such as bone marrow, brain and blood. Our bodies use adult stem cells to repair damaged tissue. Stem Cell Technology

21. 3. Cord blood stem cells This source of stem cells is derived from blood found in the umbilical cord. Stem Cell Technology

22. Stem cells have the potential to treat many diseases such as: Stem Cell Technology

23. Parkinson's is a degenerative disease of the brain that affects the nerve cells involved in movement. A tremor or fine shake while the person is at rest Rigidity or increased tone in the body's muscles Slowness of all movements (known as bradykinesia) Unsteady balance (known as postural instability) Beginning an activity may be difficult as the person affected is rigid and slow to get going. But once started people with Parkinson's speed up and move too fast, ending up almost running or out of control. Parkinson's Disease

24. The spinal cord is a thick cable of nerves that runs through the neck and spine. Its main function is to transmit signals from the brain to all of the body's muscles. If the neck or spine is injured, the spinal cord can also be damaged. This means the brain may no longer be able to transmit signals to the muscles, causing paralysis. Spinal Cord Injuries

25. The retina contains millions of nerve cells that convert the particles of light coming into the eye into nerve signals. These nerve signals are then sent via the optic nerve to the brain, effectively allowing the brain to "see". Without a constant supply of blood the nerve signals begin to die, which can lead to a permanent loss of vision. Symptoms include: the sudden appearance of floaters – dark spots that float in your field of vision sudden short flashes of light in one eye. Retinal Diseases

26. Alzheimer's disease attacks nerves, brain cells and neurotransmitters (chemicals that carry messages to and from the brain). Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive condition, which means that it will continue to get worse as it develops. Early symptoms include: minor memory problems difficulty saying the right words These symptoms change as Alzheimer’s disease develops, and it may lead to: confusion personality changes a total change in behaviour Alzheimer’s Disease

27. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas (a small gland behind the stomach) does not produce any insulin. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. If the amount of glucose in the blood is too high, it can seriously damage the body's organs. If you have type 1 diabetes, you will need to take insulin injections for life. You must also make sure that your blood glucose levels stay balanced by eating a healthy diet, taking regular exercise and having regular blood tests. Type 1 Diabetes

28. Problems • Stem cell therapy could accidentally pass viruses and other disease to people who receive cell transplants. Some research has also raised the possibility that stem cells may turn cancerous.

29. Artificial Organs • Stem cells have been touted as the treatment of the future for many diseases. They have even made it possible to rebuild areas of the body that have suffered from tissue destruction e.g. the growth of a windpipe.

30. Artificial Organs • Read the article on pages 7-9 of your booklet and watch the video clip which follows. Claudia Castillo – the first ever patient to have an organ transplant using stem cells

31. Problems Task Research how stem cells may help people suffering from one of the conditions listed above. Answer Q’s on worksheet.

32. Task… • You will be issued with a character profile. Read through the information. • Make a poster to help you present your characters beliefs. • Include • 2 statements from the worksheets on your poster • Q & A session.