Role of Frameworks, Role of Models, Types of Model, Research Criteria

1. Role of Frameworks, Role of Models, Types of Model, Research Criteria MIS 650Research Frameworks and Models MIS 650: Research Frameworks

2. Basic Definitions • Framework • Model • Variable/Surrogate/Proxy • Concept/Construct MIS 650: Research Frameworks

3. Framework • A FRAMEWORK is a matrix within which research efforts can be classified • The dimensions of the framework are limitless, but often include roles, effects, technology, users, etc. • Frameworks are informal, cannot be “proven” and are used to compare or situate papers and ideas MIS 650: Research Frameworks

4. Awop bopalumbop A  Yaddayadda yadda Ya dadad yadad A Framework is a pair of intellectual spectacles to see with and a set of cubbyholes to display what you want to see.   MIS 650: Research Frameworks

5. Uses of Research Frameworks • Classification of phenomena • Comparison of phenomena • Generation of research questions • Creation of research models • Evaluation of field efforts      MIS 650: Research Frameworks

6. Model • A simplification of some aspect of reality • Simplification occurs through • Lumping (Categorization) • Elimination • Models contain elements with relations among those elements. These reflect relationships among elements of the base reality MIS 650: Research Frameworks

7. Hierarchy of Theoretical Entities and Relationships Theory Concept Con-struct A b s t r a c t i o n Variable Proxy/ Surrogate Data MIS 650: Research Frameworks

8. Concept • Conceive [MEconceiven < OFr conceveir < L concipere to take in, receive < com together + capere to take] • An idea or thought, esp. a generalized idea of a thing or class of things; abstract notion. • Concepts serve both to sum up (generalize) thoughts as well as organize and relate them. Concepts are “sophisticated” forms of experience. MIS 650: Research Frameworks

9. Construct • Construct [<Lconstructus < com together + struere to pile up, build rel. to “strew”] • Something put together systematically • An idea or perception resulting from a synthesis of sense impressions, etc. • A concept or theory devised to integrate in an orderly way the diverse data on a phenomenon. MIS 650: Research Frameworks

10. Variable/Surrogate/Proxy • A variable is a theoretical concept (actually construct) that varies in value; part of a theory. • A surrogate or proxy for that variable is a measurement taken in the real world of that variable; part of testing or using a theory. • All proxies present problems of validity, reliability and pragmatic measurement difficulties MIS 650: Research Frameworks

11. Models: Level of Explanation Physical: makes things happen in the modeled system Causal: asserts that some phenomena in the modeled system cause other phenomena Logical: Asserts logical dependencies among elements of the modeled system Classificational: groups phenomena within the modeled system together Descriptive: describes in translated terms the modeled system Depictional: depicts or reproduces aspects of the modeled system Atheoretical MIS 650: Research Frameworks

12. Types of Models: Causal / Associational IV is sufficient to cause change to DV of strength a c a IV EV1 DV CV d b Direct Cause: IV-DVIndirect Cause: IV-EV-DVCommon Cause: EV-(IV,DV)Effectiveness: a/(a+b)Loss: cEfficiency: CV-IV-DV EV EV is sufficient to cause change to both IV and DV of strengths r(d,b) MIS 650: Research Frameworks

13. Types of Models: Process IV4 IV6 IV2 b4 b6 b2 DV a b1 b3 b5 IV3 IV5 IV1 Each IV is necessary at a certain level of strength b to allow change to DV of strength a MIS 650: Research Frameworks

14. Types of Models: Multidomain Modeling DOMAIN 3 Statements / Interpretations DOMAIN 1 Sources - Industry characteristics- DOMAIN 2 Industry Experience/Action - Outcomes for Industry MIS 650: Research Frameworks

15. Types of Models: Rationalising Description of the use of a model: • Description of a phenomenon: for whom • Prediction of a phenomenon: for when • Control of a phenomenon: why, how much • Operation of a phenomenon: ? MIS 650: Research Frameworks

16. Types of Models: Contingency X Y a X Y b X Y X In different regions, X and Y have different relationships at different strengths. A region may or may not be describable in terms of a set of variables itself MIS 650: Research Frameworks

17. Types of Models: Classificational The phenomena within a region or system are “arbitrarily” classified as being similar and dissimilar based on a scheme of controlling variables (A, B) which are in turn justified theoretically (in terms of another theory) A B MIS 650: Research Frameworks

18. Types of Models: Time Series Treatments across time allow changes in (a) criterion value(s). There is no control group; the treatment effectiveness is compared to non-treatment effectiveness. Baseline Criterion Value(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MIS 650: Research Frameworks Important times (in series)

19. Types of Models:Evaluation - hkhjhjk - hkjhjh - ghgj - gjhgh Action Domain Evaluative Environment MIS 650: Research Frameworks

20. Types of Models: Layered Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 MIS 650: Research Frameworks

21. Research Criteria • Are the results meaningful?* • Validity • Are the results trustworthy? • Reliability • Significance MIS 650: Research Frameworks

22. Validity This relationship has no correspondence in reality • Stuff These elements have no counterpart in reality ` These elements have no counterpart in the model This relationship is not mirrored in the model MIS 650: Research Frameworks

23. Threats to Validity • History • Testing • Instrumentation • Mortality • Maturation • Ambiguity about causal direction • Generalisability • “Measuring the wrong thing” MIS 650: Research Frameworks

24. Types of Research Errors Type I: Type II: Type III: “Seeing something that isn’t there”; in general, someone else will disprove you “Not seeing something that is there”; waste of time and effort; puts a chill on creativity “Not looking in the right place”; severe methodological problems or sampling or theoretical problems MIS 650: Research Frameworks