Pentti Karioja, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

1. EU FP7 ProgrammeGasera, University of Turku and VTT developing a MEMS based gas sensor in an EU project Pentti Karioja, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

2. Consortium • VTT (Finland) • UTU (Finland) • Gasera (Finland) • Ioffe (Russia) • SELEX (Italy) • Dräger (Germany) • Doble (Norway) 2

3. Process INSTR Optical Comm. & processing Lighting & Displays Life Sciences Safety & Security Energy & Environment Application Optical measurement & sensor technologies: spectroscopy, machine vision, & imaging, interferometry etc. Design & characterization: • 3D design & integration • Optics • Thermal Mgt • Electronics • Integrated optics Precision mechanics • 3D mechanical design & construction • 3D optics design System / module Enabling technologies - Technology platforms 3D System-in-Package & Integration: • Substrates • Assembly • Hermetic sealing • Thermal management Polymer Integration: • Multi-layer lamination • Assembled foil over-molding • Nanoimprint Si technology: MEMS/MOEMS • SOI waveguides Component / device Printing technologies: R2R, UV imprinting, printing processes, materials, devices 11/16/2009

4. Background: Photoacoustic spectroscopy • Photoacoustic effect was discovered in 1880 by Alexander Graham Bell • The theoretical limitations of this technology are far from what has been achieved with any technology today • The full potential has not been reached due to the use of conventional microphones in sensing the pressure waves. Photoacoustic spectroscopy is based on the absorption of light leading to the local warming of the absorbing volume element. The subsequent expansion of the volume element generates a pressure wave proportional to the absorbed energy, which can be detected via a pressure detector.

5. Background: Cantilever sensor with optical readout • Finnish SME Gasera has developed a novel MEMS cantilever approach where the displacement is 100 that of microphone membrane [1], • Cantilever sensor is coupled with interferometric measurement of the displacement, • Below picometer (10-12) displacement can be detected with the optical readout, • Theoretical predictions indicate cantilever based PA cell can be miniaturized with sensitivity up to three orders of magnitude over the prior art. [1] J. Kauppinen, K. Wilcken, I. Kauppinen, and V. Koskinen, “High sensitivity in gas analysis with photoacoustic detection,” Microchem. J. 76, 151-159 (2004). 5

6. Background: Differential photoacoustic measurement • Silicon cantilever microphone is placed in a two-chamber differential gas cell. • The differential PA cell operates as a differential IR detector for optical absorption signals propagating through the measurement and reference path. • Pressure difference modulation between the chambers is monitored by probing the cantilever movement with an optical interferometer. • Allows for open-path and flow-through detection of gases.

7. Benefits of the cantilever enhanced differential PA sensor • The detection limit is independent on the size of the gas cell which gives potential for miniaturization. • The novel cantilever microphone provides high sensitivity from short absorption path length and highly linear concentration response over a wide dynamic measurement range. • Low detection limits can be reached with low power light source, • The gas inside the differential cell acts like an optical filter (so-called gas correlation method) providing good selectivity without optical filters or spectrograph.

8. MINIGAS targets • Compact, rugged gas sensor providing significant improvement in sensitivity: • Sensor volume target: 5 cm3 • Analysis response time  100 ms • Dynamic range >10 000 • Temperature range: - 300C to + 500C • Cost of goods: €100 in high volume production • Sensors modular structure allows it to be applicable to a wide range of gases including: CH4, CO2, CO, NH3, … • Applications including: leak detection, safety, homeland security and air quality. 8

9. MINIGAS technology roadmap Commercialized gas sensor Commercial gas analyzer EU-project integrated optic chip volume < 5 cm3 19” rack mount analyzer 9

10. Technology portfolio of sensor subsystems • IR LEDs with customized wavelengths and performance • Silicon MEMS cantilever pressure sensor • Spatial read-out interferometer • Low Temperature co-fired Ceramics (LTCC) photoacoustic measurement cell • On-board drive, detection and readout electronics

11. Infrared Light Emitting Diodes • InAs and InAsSb based diode structures have been processed into flip-chip devices with active areas sized by 300 μm and reflective contacts by a multistage wet photolithography method. • LEDs are equipped with Si lenses with shape close to hyperhemisphere attached to the contact free surface through the use of high reflective index glue. 11

12. Silicon MEMS cantilever mask layout 12

13. Spatial Interferometer for cantilever readout • Based on creating interference by wave-front splitting in order to avoid expensive beam splitting optics. • High temperature stability is achieved by using the cantilever frame as the reference mirror. • Initial tolerance analysis estimates 0.1 mm positioning accuracy and 0.5 degrees for angular alignment accuracy as the tightest requirement. • Performance goal: 1.0 pm displacement sensitivity. 13

14. LTCC photoacoustic measurement cell • The vertical cavity is laminated using a silicone insert, • Cells are drilled at the laminated stage before the co-fire, • Reflective metal coating by thick film coating, • Sapphire windows are sealed with solder glass paste, • The He-leak rate for the sealed modules was <2.0 ×10-9 atm×cm3/s, which fulfills the requirements for the leak rate according MIL- STD 883. Photoacoustic cell chamber dimensions: 2.5  2.5  10.0 mm 14

15. Predicted performance 15

16. First experiments using sensor platform Portable methane sensor demonstrator based on LTCC differential photo acoustic cell and silicon cantilever • The assembled sensor fitted in a volume of 40 mm x 40 mm x 35 mm. The achieved differential pressure signal was proportional to gas concentration in the open measurement path of gas flow. • The sensitivity of the first prototype was 300 ppm for methane with 1 s response time. Sensitivity is increased to 30 ppm, when response time of 100 s is used.

17. Mr. Juha Palve (VTT) juha.palve@vtt.fi +358 400 488 414 www.minigas.eu 17