Chapter 2 Instructional Systems

1. Instructional Technology and Media for Learning Smaldino, Russell, Heinich, Molenda Chapter 2Instructional Systems Presented By: Shelly Romack

2. Instructional Systems • An instructional system consists of a set of interrelated components that work together, effectively and reliably, within a particular framework to provide learning activities necessary to accomplish a learning goal.

3. Instructional Systems Components • Objectives • Methods • Media • Equipment • Environment • People

4. Instructional Systems Characteristics • Directions • Synchronization • Group size • Location • Costs • Time

5. Instructional Systems Common Principles • Active participation and interaction • Individual instruction • Reinforcement or feedback • Realistic context • Cooperative groups

6. Instructional Systems Categories • Cooperative learning • Games • Simulation • Simulation games • Programmed instruction • Programmed tutoring

7. Cooperative Learning • Involves small heterogeneous groups of students working together to achieve a common academic goal or task while working together to learn collaboration and social skills • Group members are responsible for each other’s learning as well as their own • http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/intech/cooperativelearning.htm

8. Cooperative Learning Advantages • Active learning • Social skills • Interdependence • Individual accountability

9. Cooperative Learning Limitations • Student compatibility • Student dependency • Time consuming • Individualists • Logistical obstacles

10. Cooperative Learning Integration • Students learn to work together • Students can learn cooperatively not only by being taught but also by producing materials themselves

11. Cooperative Learning Computer Based Cooperative Learning • Software programs can be used to encourage learners to work together Online Collaborative Learning • The internet can be used for online collaborative learning

12. Games • A game is an activity in which participants follow prescribed rules that differ from those of real life as they strive to attain a challenging goal.

13. Games Advantages • Attractive • Novel • Atmosphere • Time on task

14. Games Limitations • Competition • Distraction • Poor design

15. Games Integration Instructional games are particularly well suited to: • Attainment of cognitive objectives • Adding motivation to topics • Basic skills • Vocabulary

16. Games Adapting the content of instructional games teachers can change the subject matter but retain the original game structure. Examples include: • Tic-Tac-Toe • Rummy • Concentration • Bingo

17. Simulations • A simulation is an abstraction or simplification of some real-life situation or process.

18. Simulations Advantages • Realistic • Safe • Simplified

19. Simulations Limitations • Time consuming • Oversimplification

20. Simulations Simulation and Problem-Based Learning • In problem based learning the learner is led toward understanding principles through grappling with a problem • Most simulations attempt to immerse participants in a problem

21. Simulations Integration • Training in motor skills • Instruction in social interaction and human relations • Development of decision making skills

22. Simulations Simulator • A simulator is a device employed to represent a physical system in a scale-downed form. Example: Flight Simulator

23. Simulations Role Plays • Role play refers to a type of simulation in which the dominant feature is relatively open-ended interaction among people.

24. Simulation Games • A simulation game combines the attributes of a simulation with the attributes of a game • They combine characteristics of both simulations and games so they have advantages, limitations, and applications in common with both formats

25. Simulation Games Integration • Instructional simulation games are found in curriculum applications that require repetitive skill practice associated with games and the reality context associated with simulations • They are used by teachers to provide an overview of a large dynamic process

26. Simulation Games Cooperative Simulation Games • Games that challenge the body and imagination but that depend on cooperation for success

27. Programmed Instruction • Programmed instruction was chronologically the first instructional system and is an explicit application of principles of learning theory operant conditioning or reinforcement theory • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_instruction

28. Programmed Instruction Advantages • Self pacing • Practice and feedback • Effective

29. Programmed Instruction Limitations • Program design • Tedious

30. Programmed Instruction Integration • Teachers can use a program to teach an entire course or a segment of a course • Can be used as an enrichment activity

31. Programmed Tutoring • Programmed tutoring (or structured tutoring) is a type of instructional system that provides one-to-one interaction.

32. Programmed Tutoring Advantages • Self-pacing • Patience and feedback • Reliable • Effective

33. Programmed Tutoring Limitations • Labor intensive • Development cost

34. Programmed Tutoring Integration • Reading and mathematics are the most popular subjects for tutoring • Remedial instruction is a typical application of tutoring programs

35. The End Thank you!