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由別人的觀點來思考 Thinking From Others’ Point of View

國立成功大學 三創課程 民國 98 年 11 月 20 日. 由別人的觀點來思考 Thinking From Others’ Point of View. 洪正幸 Felix T. Hong, M.D., Ph.D. Dept of Physiology Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201 USA fhong@med.wayne.edu 國立成功大學三創中心 Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center

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由別人的觀點來思考 Thinking From Others’ Point of View

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  1. 國立成功大學 三創課程 民國98年11月20日 由別人的觀點來思考Thinking From Others’ Point of View 洪正幸Felix T. Hong, M.D., Ph.D. Dept of Physiology Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201 USA fhong@med.wayne.edu 國立成功大學三創中心 Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center 701 National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan niaomi@sbcglobal.net

  2. 企業名人堂:台視蘇逸洪訪談蔡振豪

  3. How to think from others’ point of view? 如何由別人的觀點來思考? • 將心比心,設身處地。 • 子曰:『己所不欲,勿施於人!』 • 必須有能力去靈活地操控短程記憶 (short-term working memory) 。 • 能完全忘我,而以他人的觀點看問題。 • 「旋轉的女人」是很好的練習:訓練自己能隨心所欲、隨意改變旋轉的方向。

  4. 遊戲理論Game Theory

  5. Game Theory 遊戲理論 • 你們三人各持一手槍,相互為敵。 • 彈匣內只有一顆子彈,彈無虛發,但一槍只能打死一人。 • 誰先開槍,將由抽籤來決定。 • 目標是求生存,而不是消滅對方。 • 抽籤結果,由你先開槍。你將作何抉擇?

  6. Game Theory 遊戲理論 只要你打死其他任何一人,第二個就輪到你遭殃。 必須由別人的觀點來思考,不能一廂情願地思考。 生存之道,只有一則:對空開槍,自動解除武裝。

  7. Applications of Game Theory 遊戲理論的應用與範例 • 棋局。 • 華容道:孔明與曹操鬥智。 • MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction). • 你該如何斷定你的對手確實是錯的,而你確實是對的?

  8. Applications of Game Theory 遊戲理論的應用與範例 對抗或合作 (Confrontation or Cooperation) 最佳答案:Tit for tat 為甚麼不趕盡殺絕? 小布希的戰爭錯了嗎?

  9. Mutually Assured Destruction From: Douglas R. Hofstadter

  10. A Lose-Lose Situation At Free-Way Entrances and Exits

  11. A Case Study: Laplace’s Absolute Determinism • 拉普勒斯認為,表面上看來完全無規則的事件,其實是因為我們對相關的因果自然律毫無所知。 • Laplace asserted that any belief that an event can be completely random and follow no deterministic natural laws is simply due to our ignorance of the cause. • From: Essai philosophique sur les probabilités (A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities) (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1814)

  12. Impossibility to Prove or Disprove Laplace’s Physical Determinism

  13. Confirmation Bias:When A Lawyer Sues His/Her Client • 一位顧客與他的律師簽下合同:訴訟贏了才付律師費,輸了就不付費。 • 有一次訴訟贏了,顧客也不肯付費。律師就告他的的顧客。 • 律師堅持要顧客付費。理由是:如果顧客贏了,根據合同顧客必須付費。如果顧客輸了,根據訴訟的判決,顧客也必須付費。 • 顧客堅持不肯付費。理由是:如果律師贏了,根據合同顧客不必付費。如果律師輸了,根據訴訟的判決,顧客也不必付費。

  14. 權威vs. 非權威 • D. V. Cichetti曾作了一個調查去了解期刊及研究基金審查員的可靠性。他發現到在處理有爭議性的議題時,專家與權威人士並不可靠。 • D. V. Cichetti (Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 14, pp. 118-186, 1991) investigated the reliability of referees, and found that experts and authorities are not reliable judges in dealing with controversial issues.

  15. 權威vs. 非權威 • 然而這並不表示權威人士就一定錯,而敢反抗權威的人士就一定對。 • 那麼你該如何斷定你的對手確實是錯的,而你確實是對的? • That does not mean that the authority is always wrong and whoever opposes the authority is always right. • How can you be sure that your opponent is wrong and you are right?

  16. The Issue of False Positives and False Negatives SARS隔離:偽無菌者 vs. 偽帶菌者 Impact Factor審稿:濫竽充數 vs. 滄海遺珠 濫殺無辜 vs.讓元凶逍遙法外 圖像式思考:往往不是全黑或全白 贊成或反對死刑

  17. The Scandal of Social Text • 一個有名的人文期刊 (cultural-studies journal) 叫做Social Text 登了一篇論文: Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity, authored by physicist Alan Sokal (Social Text, #46/47, pp. 17-252, 1996).

  18. The Scandal of Social Text • 後來才爆出內幕,原來全篇論文除了引用的文獻及引用的字句之外,都是偽造的。目的在開期刊編輯的玩笑,以突顯期刊審稿荒謬的一面。

  19. The Scandal of Social Text • 文章只是嘲諷的隱喻。內容則是五花八門,包括:事實、半事實、四分之一事實、完全子虛烏有、結論正確但理由荒誕、語句文法正確但內容毫無意義的文句。 • The content was just a parody, containing “truths, half-truths, quarter-truths, falsehoods, non sequiturs, and syntactically correct sentences that have no meaning whatsoever.”

  20. The Scandal of Social Text Alan Sokal 後來又投稿更正,但是編輯拒絕刊登。

  21. How can you be sure that your opponent is wrong and you are right? • 那麼你該如何斷定你的對手確實是錯的,而你確實是對的? • 徹底了解對方為何錯,錯在何處。 • 光是知道自已為何對是不夠的。 • Take the additional step of understanding why your opponent is wrong. • It is not sufficient to understand why your argument is valid.

  22. Francis Bacon (培根):新推理法 - 商場的寵兒The New Organon,Idols of the Marketplace 因此,用字遣詞不當,出奇地阻礙理解。 有些博學之士為了自我捍衛所用的定義或解釋,並沒有導正問題。 文字郤直接的強力左右理解,使人全然混亂,導離正途,陷入漫無止境的爭論和無益的遐想之中。

  23. Francis Bacon (培根): The New Organon 新的研究方法Idols of the Marketplace 商業界的寵兒 因此,不好或不適切的文字選擇,會出奇的地阻礙理解。 有些博學衛道之士為了自我捍衛,常會利用定義或解釋來詮釋自己的理論。而忽略了事情的正確與否。 但是這類定義文字,顯然地會左右我們的思想,強迫我們接受他的定義,促使我們混淆事實,迫使人們踏入無止境且空泛的爭論之中,並陷入無益遐想的窘境。

  24. First person perspective vs. Third person perspective • 培根的見解突顯出:第一人稱與第三人稱觀點的差異,在邏輯推論時常常產生不心必要的困擾。

  25. 好奇與探索The Case of Curiosity vs. Explorations • The first-person’s point of view: Exploration 探索 • The third-person’s point of view: Curiosity 好奇 • 父母多半倡導好奇,但卻壓制探索。

  26. 自由意志的爭識The Case of Free Will Dispute • The first-person’s point of view 自由意志是存在的。 • The third-person’s point of view 自由意志只是一種幻覺。 愛因斯坦相信物理的絕對性,而不相信有自由意志。但他卻不願意與殺人犯一起進餐。

  27. 強迫性的執著與努方用功The Case of Obsession vs. Hardwork • The first-person’s point of view: Obsession 強迫性的執著 • The third-person’s point of view: Hardwork 苦幹 Persistence 毅力

  28. Edward Deci的理論外界的引誘會瓦解內在的意願 苦幹並不一定有助於獨創力的提升。 為了錢財、聲名地位或權力而苦幹的人,往往受不了誘惑而誤入歧途,而不太可能有高度的獨創力。Me-Too Creativity 有強迫性執著(強迫症)的人,不太容易受外界的引誘,而改弦更張。

  29. 特斯拉是苦幹的工作者嗎? 有人說我是最苦幹的工作者。也許是吧,如果思考也算是工作。因為我清醒的時刻都一直在工作。 I am credited with being one of the hardest workers and perhaps I am, if thought is the equivalent of labor, for I have devoted to it almost all of my waking hours.

  30. 特斯拉是苦幹的工作者嗎? 但是如果只有依照死板的規則,而在規定的時間之內,完成特定的工作,那麼我就是最糟的懶蟲。 But if work is interpreted to be a definite performance in a specified time according to a rigid rule, then I may be the worst of idlers.

  31. 特斯拉是苦幹的工作者嗎? 說到我呢,我早已獲得這種極致的快樂。而且有好幾年我可以說是處於幾乎不中斷的狂喜境界。 Speaking for myself, I have already had more than my full measure of this exquisite enjoyment, so much that for many years my life was little short of continuous rapture.”

  32. Tesla was obsessive and compulsive. • 走路時我一定要計算我的步數。進餐時我一定要計算湯碗與咖啡杯的體積及食物的件數。不然我就會食之無味。 I counted the steps in my walks and calculated the cubical contents of soup plates, coffee cups and pieces of food – otherwise my meal was unenjoyable.

  33. Tesla was obsessive and compulsive. • 我重複動作或步驟,非得以「三」整除不可。一旦錯過,就得重來,那怕耗時費日,也在所不惜。 All repeated acts or operations I performed had to be divisible by three and if I missed I felt impelled to do it all over again, even if it took hours.

  34. Tesla was obsessive and compulsive. • 輕度的OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder) 似乎有助於獨創力。(強迫性執著) • 強迫性執著與毅力是不同的。 • Mild obsessive-compulsive disorder has a survival value of being associated with creativity. • Obsession differs from persistence.

  35. 視覺思維部落格網址 • http://blog.ncue.edu.tw/cvt

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