The Civil War

1. The Civil War "Future years will never know the seething hell and the black infernal background, of this war; and it is best they should not.  The real war will never get in the books." Walt Whitman

2. Remember the Causes of the Civil War A few Old & New

3. Question of State’s Rights • Federalism • System of multiple governments in order to give more localized decision making power - 10th Amendment Rights reserved for the states -Idea of nullification If states think laws are against the Constitution, they do not have to follow them

4. The Debate Over Slavery “Abolition and the Union cannot coexist…We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions.” John C. Calhoun -Pro-slavery Slavery should be allowed everywhere -Anti-slavery Slavery should not be allowed anywhere -Opposed growth of slavery Slavery should be limited to where it already exists

5. The History of Nullification -Sedition Acts Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions -Tariff laws 1828 Tariff Crisis -Slavery Issues Southern threats to nullify any anti-slavery law Thomas Jefferson Threatens Nullification in the Kentucky Resolution John C. Calhoun Threatens Nullification of the ‘Tariff of Abominations’

6. Sectionalism -Issues become more and more regional in nature -Slavery, tariffs, economics All disagreements between North and South -Industrial north More technology and money -Agricultural south Depend on trade with other nations

7. Compromise of 1820 (a.k.a. Missouri Compromise) -Drew a line to determine the future areas of slavery 36-30 line of division -Solved the slavery debate for about 20 years “Can we as a nation Continue together permanently – forever – half slave and half free?” Abraham Lincoln

8. Compromise of 1850 -Wilmot Proviso tried to block slavery in old Mexican areas but is defeated in Congress -California applies for statehood Debate begins and Clay organizes compromise -California admitted as freestate(North Likes) -South gets stronger Fugitive law(South Likes) -Popular Sovereignty to help decide future cases of slavery People of states choose for themselves

9. Underground Railroad - Many early attempts at escape relied on luck - Network of anti-slavery advocates who helped slaves escape - Many times slaves needed to get to Canada to be totally free -Harriet Tubman “Black Moses”

10. Fugitive Slave Law - Allowed slave catchers to go into free areas and capture runaway slaves - Made it a crime to help any runaway • Suspected slaves need not be given a trial or a chance to testify • Law angered Northern abolitionists • Law eased southern fears of anti-slavery reformers

11. Uncle Tom’s Cabin -Harriet Beecher Stowe - Depicted evil side of slavery to the public “Uncle Tom” “Simon Legree” Angers South because shows South as un-Christian barbarians -1852, sold over a million copies Widely read in North

12. Kansas-Nebraska Act • 1854--Popular Sovereignty passed as law in 1850 compromise to determine slavery • Rush to populate state with “voters” for each side -”Bleeding Kansas” Slavery and abolitionist forces resort to violence -A fight in the U.S. Senate Preston Brooks v.Charles Sumner Brooks beats Sumner with cane for criticizing South and his uncle “If the people of Kansas want a slaveholding state, let them have it, and if they want a free state they have a right to it…” Stephen Douglas

13. Dred Scott v. Sanford -Scott is a slave -he is taken into free states -sues for freedom based on NW Ordinance and Missouri Compromise -Supreme Court (majority of southern justices) rules: Blacks are not citizens(they are property) Can’t ban slavery(no free states exist) Missouri Comp. is illegal . . The rights of private property have been guarded with . . . care. Thus the rights of property are united with the rights of person, and placed on the same ground by the fifth amendment to the Constitution, which provides that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, and property, without due process of law. And an act of Congress which deprives a citizen of the United States of his liberty or property, merely because he came himself or brought his property into a particular Territory of the United States, and who had committed no offence against the laws, could hardly be dignified with the name of due process of law. From Majority Opinion in Dred Scott v. Sanford

14. Development of Republican Party - Slavery had come to dominate the differences in the parties - By 1850 the differences had peaked so that anti-slavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free-Soilers formed a new anti-slavery party Republican Party - Official party policy was to oppose the growth of slavery where it did not exist.

15. Lincoln-Douglas Debates -Senate race in 1858 (Illinois) Stephen Douglas (Dem), Abraham Lincoln (Rep.) -Debate over slavery issues neither man wanted slavery in the area, but how to do it? -Douglas issuesFreeport Doctrine Slavery needs certain laws in order to exist. Don’t pass those laws and there will be no slavery - Douglas wins the election, Lincoln gains national fame

16. John Brown’s Raid “I have, may it please the Court, a few words to say. In the first place, I deny everything but what I have all along admitted, of a design on my part to free slaves. John Brown - John Brown was an extreme abolitionist - Captured Harper’s Ferrymilitary installation in Virginia with intent to arm slaves - Surrounded and forced to surrender - Brown found guilty at trial and then hanged--becomes a martyr for many abolitionists (Seen as a criminal in the South) - Many Southerners thought Brown represented northerners who wanted to control the southern lifestyle and economy

17. Southern Secession -1860 election -Slavery divided the parties -Lincoln pledges to stop spread of slavery but not to interfere with the south -Douglas got support of Northern Democrats -John Breckinridge got southern Democrats -John Bell nominated by Constitutional Union Party

18. Lincoln’s Election -Lincoln wins election with no southern electoral votes -Southern states secede in fear of government where they have no voice -S.C. first to secede, 6 others follow - Confederate States of America formed before Lincoln takes office -Jefferson Davis elected Confederate President “The time for compromise has now passed.” Jefferson Davis “This country will be drenched in blood…The people of the North are not going to let the country be destroyed without a mighty effort to save it…Only in spirit and determination are you prepared for war. In all else you are totally unprepared.” William Tecumseh Sherman

19. The Civil War "Future years will never know the seething hell and the black infernal background, of this war; and it is best they should not.  The real war will never get in the books." Walt Whitman

20. Anaconda Plan Union military will constrict and Kill the Confederacy like a snake by removing its supplies. • General Winfield Scott • 3 part approach for Union to win • U.S. Naval blockade of southern ports • Divide Confederacy into two parts by controlling Mississippi River • Have necessary amount of troops to fight war

21. Fort Sumter March 5, 1861-President Lincoln received a note from Major Robert Anderson The fort has six weeks of supplies left South Carolina believed Army personnel are now foreigners President Lincoln refused to surrender fort President Lincoln ordered fort to be re-supplied Jefferson Davis wants to force Army personnel to surrender fort Major Anderson refused April 12, 1861-Confederate troops open fire on fort April 15-Major Anderson and his men leave Fort Lincoln-75,000 volunteers Virginia, NC, Arkansas, and Tennessee secede

22. Shots Fired -war begins at Fort Sumter, S.C., 1861 -Bull Run/ Manassas -July 1861 -Southern victory -did not pursue the retreating Union army -citizens watched the battle -the war would NOT be short Approximately 30miles from Washington, DC South could have captured capital D.C, but to disorganized "Our Southern brethren have done grievously, they have rebelled and have attacked their father's house and their loyal brothers. They must be punished and brought back, but this necessity breaks my heart." Major Robert Anderson, Union defender of Fort Sumter in April of 1861

23. Strengths and Weaknesses North South Geography-the war would be fought South of Mason-Dixon Line Excellent Generals- Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson • Population-20 million vs. 9 million (including 3.5 million slaves) • Strong industrial base • Larger and more efficient railroad system • Weak generals at the start of war • Strong General to the end the War • Gen. William T. Sherman • Gen. Ulysses S. Grant

24. "You are green, it is true; but they are green also. You are all green alike." - Abraham Lincoln gave this description of the Union Army to its commander, Irvin McDowell, while urging McDowell to attack the Confederates shortly before First Bull Run "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Follow me." Brigadier General Bee, First Bull Run

25. "They came in all manner of ways," wrote a Union officer, "some in stylish carriages, others in city hacks, and still others in buggies, on horseback, or even on foot. Apparently everything in the shape of vehicles in and around Washington had been pressed into service for the occasion."

26. Shiloh “Shiloh”: Hebrew word for place of peace • -April 1862(Tennessee) • Some of the most difficult fighting of the entire war • Confederate commander Albert Sidney Johnson killed in fighting • -costly victory for Grant • -demonstrated the cost of victory would be great "The rebels are out there thicker than fleas on a dog's back!!" - An excited Union officer used these words to report the advance of Confederate forces at Shiloh-

27. Casualties: Union: 13, 047 Confederate: 10, 694 “Bloody Pond” of Shiloh Accounts say that the water of the pond turned red with the blood of soldiers and animals following the battle • Other Early Battles • Peninsula Campaign • Second Bull Run • Fredericksburg

28. Emancipation Proclamation“An instrument in God’s Hands” • Lincoln called it his most important act as president • Demonstrates how Lincoln’s thoughts changed on the need to end slavery • Emancipation of slaves was not an original goal of the Civil War • Important Events that led to the Emancipation Proclamation • Slaves as Contraband Issue • Union Army’s defeat at First Bull Run • Border States • Confiscation Acts • Delaware’s rejection of gradual emancipation • Actions of John C. Fremont

29. Antietam -Sept. 1862(Maryland) -Bloodiest single day of the war Union Casualties: 12,410 Confederate Casualties: 10,316 -Union victory for McClellan Lee’s first move on the offensive into the North -McClellan could have crushed CSA but moved too slowly -Five days later, President Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation -Two purposes now for the war-preserve Union and end slavery Gen. George McClellan Gen. Jackson Lincoln visits Antietam shortly after the battle, disappointed with McClellan’s slow movement of troops. McClellan is dismissed shortly afterwards.

30. "I have heard of 'the dead lying in heaps', but never saw it till this battle. Whole ranks fell together." -Captain Emory Upton, 2nd U.S. Artillery at Antietam- "Every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife, and the slain lay in rows precisely as they stood in their ranks a few minutes before." - A Union officer ‘s description of the destruction of a Confederate force at Antietam.-

31. Vicksburg -Nov. 1862(Mississippi) -Grant surrounds city on the Mississippi -try to split the south Begins long siege of town (surrounds and tries to starve out) Bombards the city, soldiers and civilians, continuously Northern lines were so tight “not even a cat could get out.”

32. The town's food supply grew dangerously low as the siege wore on. Cooks served mule meat at the dinner table. An anonymous citizen, refusing to surrender a sense of humor, wrote a fictitious menu advertising such local delicacies as "Mule Head Stuffed a La Mode" and "Mule Tongue Cold a La Bray." Many were forced to live in caves to escape bombardments. “What is to become of all the living things in this place when the boats commend shelling--God only knows--shut up as in a trap--no ingress or egress--and thousands of women and children” Diarist Emma Balfour, civilian of Vicksburg

33. Confederate Victories -Confederates greatly outnumbered but Lee still wins -Dec. 1862(Virginia) -Fredericksburg (Union slaughter) (Confederates use trenches) -May 1863(Virginia) -Chancellorsville -Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson is killed (By his own men) Fredericksburg Casualties US: 12,653 CS: 5,309 It is well that war is so terrible--we should grow too fond of it" - Robert E. Lee gave this observation while watching thousands of Union soldiers sent to the slaughter at Fredericksburg

34. Prior to the Battle of Fredericksburg, Gen. Longstreet lost three of his children to a Scarlet Fever epidemic in Richmond within one week. This incident made dedication to his troops became top priority. Then and Now: The Wall at Marye’s Heights "General, if you put every [Union soldier] now on the other side of the Potomac on that field to approach me over the same line, I will kill them all before they reach my line." - General James Longstreet made this vow to Robert E. Lee as countless Federal assaults were beaten back by Longstreet's men at the Battle of Fredericksburg.

35. "My religious belief teaches me to feel as safe in battle as in bed. God has fixed the time for my death. I do not concern myself about that, but to always be ready, no matter when it may overtake me."- Stonewall Jackson “Give General Jackson my affectionate regards, and say to him: he has lost his left arm but I my right.“ – Robert E. Lee

36. Gettysburg • -July 1863(Pennsylvania) • -Lee invades North • (First time ever – a Northern offensive) • -Little Round Top • -Cemetery Ridge • -Pickett’s Charge • -turning point of the war as Lee is defeated • Possible Effects • Some in Congress where willing to negotiate a compromise with Confederacy • Lee would also have access to needed supplies and better railroads • -Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln several months later • (See Reading) Lt. Col. Joshua Chamberlain’s 20th Maine regiment holds off Confederates, keeping Union line from folding

37. Official Union photographer Alexander Gardner took these photos in the days after the Battle of Gettysburg. Like other Civil War photographers, Alexander Gardner sometimes tried to communicate both pity and patriotism with his photographs, reminding his audience of the tragedy of war without forgetting the superiority of his side's cause. Sometimes, the most effective means of elevating one's cause while demeaning the other was to create a scene -- by posing bodies -- and then draft a dramatic narrative to accompany the picture. The top photo shows a staged photograph of the “Home of the Rebel Sharpshooter”, while the bottom is the true scene of the aftermath. The soldier was probably actually an infantryman, killed while advancing up the hillside. After taking pictures of the dead soldier from several angles, the photographer noticed the picturesque sharpshooter's den -- forty yards away -- and moved the corpse to this rocky niche and photographed him again. The type of weapon seen in these photographs was not used by sharpshooters. This particular firearm is seen in a number of Gardner's scenes at Gettysburg and probably was the photographer's prop.

38. Conscription-mandatory military service Conscription Act passed in March 1863 All men between the ages of 20-45 Could hire substitutes Exempt from serving if you paid $300 “A rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” Effect Draft Riots Most serious was in New York City in July 1863 right after the Battle of Gettysburg President Lincoln sent Union troops from the battlefields to NYC to put down riots. Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2gnU4fmLeo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdwLxOK7xLc

39. "All this has been my fault."- Robert E. Lee repeatedly spoke this line to the survivors of Pickett's Charge as they stumbled back to Confederate lines.- Gen. Robert E. Lee Gen. George Meade Pickett’s Charge Battle at Gettysburg Time:50 minutes Confederate Casualties: 5,600 Casualties from Pickett’s Division Alone: 3,000 Maj. Gen. George Pickett “General Lee, I have no division.” – Pickett to Lee following the infamous charge.

40. Following the war and the death of Robert E. Lee, James Longstreet, Lee’s second in command, would become the scapegoat for the South’s loss at Gettysburg. He argued against a Confederate frontal attack at Gettysburg but Lee did not heed his advice. -Decisive battle at Gettysburg -Turning the tide for Union Victory "I do not want to make this charge. I do not see how it can succeed. I would not make it now but that General Lee has ordered it and expects it." - James Longstreet on Pickett’s Charge “Error lives but a day. Truth is eternal.” James Longstreet

41. “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that "all men are created equal." Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure.” Gettysburg Address

42. South is Split • -July 1863 • -Ulysses S. Grant captures Vicksburg after long siege • -Gain control of the Mississippi River • -Grant is called to Command Union armies • Nickname: “The Butcher” • Two parts of the Anaconda Plan are now complete • The south is Split • Disconnected from resources “Tell me what brand of whiskey that Grant drinks. I would like to send a barrel of it to my other generals.” -Abraham Lincoln-

43. Sherman’s March "War is cruelty. There is no use trying to reform it. The crueler it is, the sooner it will be over" - Union General William T. Sherman- -1864 -”March to the Sea”: (From Georgia to Atlantic Ocean) -Total War Take the war to civilians “War is Hell” -burning of Atlanta Helps Lincoln win the election of 1864 against McClellan -destroy the will to fight Citizens suffer most

44. Atlanta Depot "Yes, I am one of those whom Sherman's shells drove from a dismantled city. He has made some of us women wade through seas of pain and suffering, I can tell you; but as much as we have suffered from his cruelty, there isn't one of us who would exchange places with him in the next world for all the wealth and stores he has allowed his men to steal from we poor down-trodden rebels, as he terms us." -- Henrietta Barnes "I don’t see any horns. You are supposed to have horns" A child's answer to Sherman's question of why he repeatedly was staring at his head.

45. Grant in Pursuit • -1864 • -Lee in retreat • -Grant starts his Total War or Hard War • -Grant attacks repeatedly at great loss of life • Examples: Cold Harbor and • Petersburg • -Lincoln wants speedy end to war • Can replace killed men with immigrants & freed slaves? • Black regiments "The dead covered more than five acres of ground about as thickly as they could be laid." • A Confederate survivor so described the Union dead at the Battle of Cold Harbor in 1864. Union Casualties at Cold Harbor: 13,000 Confederate Casualties at Cold Harbor: 2,500

46. Petersburg: Battle of the Crater The Union Army dug a mine shaft under the Confederate lines and planted explosive charges directly underneath a fort in the middle of the Confederate line. If successful, this would not only kill all the defenders in the area, it would also open a hole in the Confederate defenses. Upon explosion, a crater (still visible today) was created, 170 feet long, 60 to 80 feet wide, and 30 feet deep. Between 250 and 350 Confederate soldiers were instantly killed in the blast A Union division went across the field to the crater and, instead of moving around it, thought it would make an excellent rifle pit and it would be well to take cover and so they moved down into the crater itself, wasting valuable time while the Confederates, gathered as many troops together as they could for a counterattack. In about an hour's time, they had formed up around the crater and began firing rifles and artillery down into it, in what was later described as a "turkey shoot". Union Casualties: 5,300 Confederate Casualties: 1,032 Then and Now: Petersburg Crater

47. War’s End -April 1865 -Grant surrounds Lee outside Richmond -Surrender at Appomattox Court House. Appomattox, VA Troops Go Home Pardoned Feed Confederate Army "General, unless he offers us honorable terms, come back and let us fight it out!"- James Longstreet to Robert E. Lee -

48. "What General Lee's feelings were I do not know, as he was a man of much dignity, with an impassable face, it was impossible to say whether he felt inwardly glad that the end had finally come, or felt sad over the result," wrote Grant. "But my own feelings, which had been quite jubilant on the receipt of his letters, were sad and depressed . . . Our conversation grew so pleasant that I almost forgot the object of our meeting . . . General Lee called my attention to the object.“ – Ulysses S. Grant’s Memoirs "Men, we have fought the war together, and I have done the best I could for you. You will all be paroled and go to your homes until exchanged. My heart is too full to say more.“ – Robert E. Lee to troops after surrender

49. Summary Questions Why did President Lincoln not resupply Fort Sumter? Explain the short war thesis. Which military general devised the Anaconda Plan? Explain the plan. This was the first major battle of the Civil War. Who won? The Emancipation Proclamation was announced after which battle? The EP freed slaves where? The suspension of _______ ______ was one of President Lincoln’s controversial decisions during the war.

50. Name two reasons why Robert E. Lee wanted to fight the battle of Gettysburg. Name one goal President Lincoln mentioned in the Gettysburg Address. Why was the Conscription Act of 1863 needed? Why was it controversial? Name two issues the NYC draft riots exposed among the Irish, African-Americans, and NYC as whole. Explain the phrase “Total War.”