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Rehabilitating Child Soldiers: Cases and Lessons

This report explores the rehabilitation of child soldiers in various conflict-affected countries, including Afghanistan, South Africa, Germany, and many others. It provides insights and lessons learned from these cases, aiming to inform future efforts in rehabilitating child soldiers.

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Rehabilitating Child Soldiers: Cases and Lessons

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  1. Université de GenèvePIAHGenève, le 20 février 2009 Réhabiliterles enfants-soldats Michel VeutheyDocteur en droit (Genève), Vice-Président, Institut International de droit humanitaire (San Remo)Professeur associé, Institut du Droit de la Paix et du Développement, Université de Nicewww.droit-international-humanitaire.orgwww.iihl.org

  2. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH - 2009 - Cas • Afghanistan• Afrique du Sud (lutte de libération contre apartheid)• Allemagne (1945)• Angola • Birmanie / Myanmar • Burundi • Colombie • Cambodge (Khmers Rouges) • Congo (RDC et Brazza)• Côte d’Ivoire • Ethiopie • Gaza • Guatemala• Haïti • Libéria • Népal • Ouganda (« LRA ») • Palestine (« Intifada »)• Pérou • Salvador • Sierra Leone • Somalie • Soudan (Sud et Darfour) • Sri Lanka• … ••

  3. We have replaced the threat of the nuclear bomb with the threat of a social bombJuan SomaviaSG of the World Social Summitquoted by Peter W. Singerwww.fordinstitute.pitt.edu/papers/Singer07.pdf

  4. Anarchie ?

  5. Répression Réhabilitation

  6. SECURITY COUNCIL CROSS-CUTTING REPORT 2008 NO.1“Children and Armed Conflict” 4 February 2008 This report is available online and can be viewed together with Monthly Forecast Reports and Update Reports at www.securitycouncilreport.org 8

  7. SECURITY COUNCIL Revised on 15 February 2008Click here to return to Index of Security Council Report's publications on Children and Armed Conflict. Security Council Resolution •S/RES/1794 (21 December 2007) renewed MONUC until 31 December 2008.  •S/RES/1780 (15 October 2007) extended the mandate of MINUSTAH and condemned grave violations against children affected by armed violence. •S/RES/1771 (10 August 2007) renewed the sanctions regime, with some modifications to the arms embargo, and the mandate of the Group of Experts until 15 February 2008. •S/RES/1769 (31 July 2007) created an African Union/UN hybrid peacekeeping mission in Darfur (UNAMID). •S/RES/1768 (31 July 2007) extended the DRC sanctions until 10 August 2007. •S/RES/1756 (15 May 2007) extended the deployment of MONUC till 31 December 2007 and set out its mandate. •S/RES/1719 (25 October 2006) set up the UN Integrated Office in Burundi (BINUB). •S/RES/1706 (31 August 2006) expanded the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS). •S/RES/1704 (25 August 2006) set up the UN Integrated Office in Timor-Leste (UNMIT). •S/RES/1698 (31 July 2006) extended sanctions to individuals recruiting or targeting children in situations of armed conflict. •S/RES/1649 (21 December 2005) directed UN troops to cooperate with Congolese authorities to ensure those responsible for serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law are brought to justice. • •S/RES/1612 (26 July 2005) set up the Council's Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict. •S/RES/1565 (1 October 2004) strengthened and renewed MONUC. • S/RES/1542 (30 April 2004) set up UN Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). •S/RES1539 (22 April 2004) asked for an action plan for a systematic and comprehensive monitoring and reporting mechanism. •S/RES/1460 (30 January 2003) requested specific proposals to ensure more efficient and effective monitoring and reporting. It also requested the Secretary-General to include the issue in country-specific reports. •S/RES/1379 (20 November 2001) requested the Secretary-General to attach to his report a list of parties to armed conflict that recruit or use children. •S/RES/1314 (11 August 2000) urged member states to sign and ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict. •S/RES/1261 (30 August 1999) condemned targeting of children in situations of armed conflict, urged parties to armed conflict to take into consideration protection of children and urged states to facilitate DDR. Selected Presidential Statements •S/PRST/2007/24 (29 June 2007) was on small arms. •S/PRST/200716 (30 May 2007) was on Burundi and referred to the conclusions of the Working Group on the situation in Burundi. •S/PRST/2007/6 (22 March 2007) was on talks between the Government of Uganda and the LRA and made reference to resolution 1612. 9

  8. The United Nations Study on Violence against Children In October 2006, the Independent Expert for the Secretary-General Study on Violence against Children, Paulo Sergio Pinheiroof Brazil , presented his final report to the UN General Assembly. The Study analyses violence against children in five settings: the home and family; schools and educational settings; care and justice institutions; the work-place; and the community. The Study contains 12 over-arching recommendations and a number of setting specific recommendations that represent a comprehensive framework for follow-up action. The Study process also resulted in a more detailed World Report on Violence against Children and in child friendly publications. The Study material not available in this page can be found at: www.violencestudy.org On 19 October 2007, the Independent Expert presented his progress report on the implementation of the Study recommendations to the General-Assembly.

  9. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2009 - English 1 Human Rights Correspondence School Teaching ModulesLesson series 08: Child SoldiersA project of the Asian Human Rights Commission In recent armed conflict situations, the distinctions between combatants and civilians are disappearing with the increase of indiscriminate attacks against the civilian population in armed conflicts. Consequently, many children are killed, wounded, disabled, or torn apart from their families. According to UNICEF, more than 2 million children have been killed in armed conflicts between 1986 and 1996. Four to five million children have been disabled and 12 million have been left homeless.One of the most alarming trends in armed conflict is that there is a steady increase in the use of children as soldiers. It is estimated that over 300,000 children below the age of 18, some as young as five, participate in armed conflicts in more than 30 different countries. ••

  10. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2009 - English 2 Human Rights Correspondence School Teaching ModulesLesson series 08: Child SoldiersA project of the Asian Human Rights Commission In Asia, military and political dictatorship, religious conflicts, communal violence, widespread poverty, and poor development have led to the militarization of the society. Tens of thousands of child soldiers have been widely deployed in armed conflicts by non-state armed groups as well as State armed forces. The worst affected countries are Afghanistan, Burma, and Sri Lanka. ••

  11. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2009 - English 3 Human Rights Correspondence School Teaching ModulesLesson series 08: Child SoldiersA project of the Asian Human Rights Commission Who are the children most likely to be recruited as soldiers?Children are either forcibly recruited or join armed groups on their own. Most child soldiers are mostly recruited from among children in the areas of armed conflicts. In these areas, many children are removed from their families and have to find their own means of survival.Research indicates that children who are most likely to be child soldiers are those• separated from their families, • economically and socially deprived, and• members of marginalised groups such as minorities. ••

  12. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2009 - English 4 Human Rights Correspondence School Teaching ModulesLesson series 08: Child SoldiersA project of the Asian Human Rights Commission What are the effects of their participation in war on children?Child soldiers are badly affected by war, both physically and mentally. Many of them are killed, tortured, disabled, raped, and exposed to health risks, such as HIV/AIDS.They are deprived of their childhood and education. The traumatic experience of war causes serious psychological damage on children. Some have even been forced to commit atrocities against their own families as a way of severing all ties with their communities. As a result, most child soldiers suffer from severe emotional disorders with symptoms such as anguish, apathy, nightmares, depression, concentration difficulty, hyperactivity and refusal to eat. ••

  13. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH - 2009 - Acteurs • UNICEF • UNHCR (réfugiés et déplacés) • OIM-IOM (démobilisation) • OIT-ILO (BIT)• PNUD • Haut-Commissariat pour les Droits de l’Homme• Banque mondiale (BIRD)• Opérations de maintien de la paix (désarmement)• UN Special Representative / Représentante Spéciale for Children and Armed Conflict Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy de l’ONU pour les enfants dans les conflits armés• CICR et Mouvement CR/CR (réunions de familles)• ONG humanitaires internationales, nationales, locales• Organisations religieuses (réhabilitation, éducation) • Organisations nationales (prévention et réintégration)• Organisations communautaires (les soutenir)• Familles (essentielles, y compris au sens large) ••

  14. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH - 2009 - Acteurs •• www.un.org/children/conflict/french/issues41.html

  15. Protect = Prevent Protéger, c’est prévenir

  16. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH - 2009 - Droit • Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 • Protocoles additionnels de 1977: I, 77,2 / II, 4, 3 • Convention sur les droits de l’enfant de 1989 (Art. 38)• Protocole facultatif de 2000: devoir de réhabiliter • Statut de Rome de 1998, Art. 8,2, b (XXVI) • Droits de l’homme universels et régionaux• Charte africaine des droits et du bien-être de l’enfant • Convention 182 de l’Organisation Internationale du Travail sur les pires formes de travail des enfants• Droit national • Coutumes locales••

  17. REINTEGRATION OF EX-COMBATANTS EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION AND THE ILO’S APPROACH The “Stockholm Initiative on DDR” 10/11/2004 Presentation by Donato Kiniger-Passigli ILO Crisis Response Programme IFP/CRISIS

  18. UNICEF - CICR - Coalition ONG • Red Hand Day: ICRC calls for end to recruitment of child soldiersGeneva (ICRC) ﾐMarking Red Hand Day, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has appealed for an end to the use of children as soldiers and for other tasks in armies.The Red Hand symbol is used all over the world by the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers and a range of other organizations in order to raise awareness of the problem.
More than 250,000 children ﾐsome as young as seven ﾐwere recruited in 2006, according to the United Nations children's agency UNICEF.
Governments from some 60 nations met in Paris in 2007 to pledge more action to prevent children from being used as fighters and more action to help young combatants resume a normal life. The participants made the so-called Paris Commitments, which include raising the minimum recruitment age to 18. The ICRC contributed extensively to the drafting of the commitments. "The ICRC's activities in this area are essentially twofold. We help develop international rules and standards, focusing both on prevention and on the reintegration of young combatants," said Alain Aeschlimann, head of the organization's protection unit. "And more broadly we try to ensure that children in war have adequate access to medical care, food and water. Where desirable and possible, we reunite them with their families. »
Between 2005 and 2006, the ICRC brought some 4,000 children together with their families in conflict-affected countries around the world such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia and Nepal. More than 800 of these children had formerly been associated with their country's armed forces or other armed groups.

  19. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH - 2009 - Acteurs •• http://www.salesians.org.uk/html/millenium_stars.html

  20. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH - 2009 - JugerCour Pénale Internationale - République Dém. du Congo En mars 2006, la Cour pénale internationale a annoncé la mise en accusation de Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, fondateur et chef de l’Union des patriotes congolais, dans la région de l’Ituri, en République démocratique du Congo, pour crimes de guerre, enrôlement, recrutement et emploi actif d’enfants de moins de 15 ans dans des hostilités. 20 January 2007The Prosecutor of the ICC has charged Mr. Lubanga with three war crimes: 1) enlisting children under the age of fifteen; 2) conscripting children under the age of fifteen; and 3) using children under the age of fifteen to participate actively in hostilities.
••

  21. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2009 - English 8 Human Rights Correspondence School Teaching ModulesLesson series 08: Child Soldiers A project of the Asian Human Rights Commission Second: Demobilization and reintegration • Including, from the start in any peace process, the issue of demobilization of child soldiers, their complete rehabilitation and reintegration into society.• Ensuring that girl soldiers are integratedinto the demobilization process, are not discriminated against at any stage and that programmes are gender sensitive and address their health, educational and psychosocial needs. Kathmandu Declaration on the Use of Children as Soldiers, May 2000[http://www.rb.se:8082/www/childwar.nsf/HTML/Forsta?OpenDocument] • Calling on all States to take steps to protect child soldiers from extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary execution, arbitrary detention and ill-treatment by any party to the conflict. Berlin Declaration on the Use of Children as Soldiers, October 1999 [http://www.rb.se:8082/www/childwar.nsf/HTML/Forsta?OpenDocument] ••

  22. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2009 - English 10 Human Rights Correspondence School Teaching ModulesLesson series 08: Child SoldiersA project of the Asian Human Rights Commission • Calling upon governments and NGOs to respect and invoke local indigenous cultures and belief systems in assisting child soldiers, their families and communities to overcome the trauma and pain associated with armed conflict, and to facilitate reconciliation and forgiveness, recognising that child soldiers are victims. (Kathmandu Declaration) Kathmandu Declaration on the Use of Children as Soldiers, May 2000 [http://www.rb.se:8082/www/childwar.nsf/HTML/Forsta?OpenDocument] ••

  23. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2009 - English 11 Human Rights Correspondence School Teaching ModulesLesson series 08: Child SoldiersA project of the Asian Human Rights Commission • Giving priority in assistance policies and programmes, particularly those of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, to respecting the economic, social and cultural rights of children under the age of 18 and their families, and to support projects aimed at promoting the rehabilitation of children under the age of 18 affected by armed conflict into productive and family life and into the educational system. (Montevideo Declaration) Montevideo Declaration on the Use of Children as Soldiers, July 1999 [http://www.rb.se:8082/www/childwar.nsf/HTML/Forsta?OpenDocument] ••

  24. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH - 2008 - Acteurs •• Nonprofit activist group working to stop the recruitment of children in war. www.child-soldiers.org/

  25. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH - 2009 - Acteurs •• War Child Canada, a non profit organization, helps to raise awareness and support of war affected children globally through local and international... www.warchild.ca/

  26. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH - 2009 - Acteurs •• http://www.caritas.org.au/

  27. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH - 2009 - Acteurs •• What is Caritas doing? Caritas Australia through its partners in Uganda is providing support to the 'Child Rehabilitation and Reintegration Program'.
Under the program, over 900 former child soldiers will receive emotional and physical support to allow them to be fully rehabilitated and reintegrated back into their communities where this is possible.
The children will be taken to rehabilitation centres run by Caritas partners, where they will be reunited with families, and provided with clothing.ﾊThe children who return, most of them malnourished, will be provided with a balanced and nutritious diet to help them gain strength.ﾊThe centres also provide medicine and treatment for basic illnesses.
At the centre the children will receive counseling that allows them to start to deal with the trauma, anger and sadness of their experiences. Step by step they will slowly be introduced back into their communities.
Caritas programs also aim to provide vulnerable children with support in continuing their education and to provide apprenticeships for those unable to enter the formal education system.

  28. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2009 - Bibliographie ••

  29. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 208 - Bibliographie ••

  30. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2008 - Bibliographie ••

  31. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2009 - Bibliographie ••

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  33. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2008 - Bibliographie ••

  34. Réhabiliter les enfants-soldats - PIAH 2009 - Bibliographie ••

  35. Rehabilitation • Local, with international support • Family first... • Community: inclusion • Education: schools • Economy: decent jobs • Healing: physical, psycho • Juvenile Justice

  36. H ProtectingHumanityof Childrenin all situations War Synergy Spirit Reconstruct H DEVELOP LAW PEACE Economy

  37. « Either we live together as brothers, or we perish as fools » Martin Luther King

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