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Pharmacology summary notes

Pharmacology summary notes. Unit 8. REB, 4MedStudents.com. 2003. Amino Acid Transmitter. Excitatory Neurotransmitter : Glutamate, Aspartate, Cysteic Acid, Homocysteic acid Inhibitory Neurotransmitter : GABA, Glycine, Alanin, Taurine. GABA Agonist : Muscimol GABA Antagonist : Bicuculline

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Pharmacology summary notes

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  1. Pharmacology summary notes Unit 8 REB, 4MedStudents.com. 2003

  2. Amino Acid Transmitter • Excitatory Neurotransmitter: Glutamate, Aspartate, Cysteic Acid, Homocysteic acid • Inhibitory Neurotransmitter: GABA, Glycine, Alanin, Taurine. • GABA Agonist: Muscimol • GABA Antagonist: Bicuculline • GABA Modulator: BDZ, Barbiturates, Steroids Prof. Adem

  3. Sympathomimetics • Direct acting drugs: • Epinephrine • Isoproterenol • Phenylephrine • Indirect acting drugs • Amphetamine • Tyramine • Mixed acting drugs: • Ephedrine • Metaraminol Prof. Adem

  4. α - Adrenergic Antagonist Haloalkylamine derivatives: Phenoxybenzamine Used to treat pheochromocytoma Imidazoline derivatives: Phentolamine Quinazoline derivatives: Prazosin • All α Antagonists are not selective to α1 or α2, except Prazosin which is selective to α1 • Therefore, all α Antagonists ( phenoxybenzamine & Phentolamine) causes tachycardia & postural hypotension. Except Prazosin has minimal side effects. Prof. Adem

  5. β- Adrenergic Antagonist Non Specific blocker ( α or β) Labetalol Used for hypertensive crisis with excess peripheral resistance Non Selective β blocker (β1 or β2) Propranolol, Timolol (used for chronic glaucoma) Cardio-Selective Blocker (β2 only) Atenolol (the only β blocker used for asthmatics Partial Agonist Acebutolol, Pindolol ( has intrinsic sympathomimetic effect Prof. Adem

  6. Cholinomimetics Bethanechol Carbachol Pilocarpine Used for emergency glaucoma • The drug that inhibit the transport of choline: Hemicholinium • The drug that inhibit the release of Ach: Botulinum toxin • The drug that induce the release of Ach: Spider venum Prof. Adem

  7. Muscarinic Antagonists Atropine Clinical uses:A belladonna alkaloid, antispasmodic agent, antidote for muscarinic agonists (and idirect agonists as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) and antisecretory agent. Side effects: dry mouth, tachycardia, blurred vision and constipation Ipratropium Scopolamine Prof. Adem

  8. Prof. Adem Anticholinesterases

  9. Dr.Petroianu Choline Esterase Inhibitors • Central Nervous System Syndrome • Mad as a hatter • Red as a beet • Dry as a bone • Blind as a bat • Hot as a hear • Physostigmine is used coz it is the only drug act CNS receptors • Myasthenia • Pryidostigmin Act on peripheral receptors • Alzheimer’s Disease • Tacrine • Rivastigmine • Donepezil • Drug of choice: • less side effects • Long duration • Reversal NDMR • Edrophonium • Neostigmin • Act on peripheral receptors

  10. Dr.Petroianu Non Depolarizing Muscle Relaxants Intermediate, metabolized by Hoffmann degrd.

  11. Depolarizing Muscle RelaxantsSUX • SUX is the ultra-short acting muscle relaxant, and has a rapid onset of action. • SUX is metabolized by AChE • Side effects of using SUX: • Fasciculation • Myalgia • pressure(intracranial, intragastric, intraoccular) • Similar to Ach ( Bronchospasm, Bradycardia) • Hyperkalemia • Masseter Muscle Spasm • Malignant hyperthermia Dr.Petroianu

  12. Dr.Petroianu Intravenous hypnotics NMDA Antagonist Kitamine The only hyponotic that have potent analgesic effect. GABA Agonist BDZ ex. Medazolam Barbiturate ex. Thiopental which induce release of histamine. Propafol Etomidate which inhibit steroid synthesis.

  13. Dr.Petroianu Inhaled Anesthetics GABA Agonist Halothain metabolized by liver causing hepatitis Enoflurain Isoflurain Sevoflurain Desflurain no side effect but lipid solubility therefore dose. NMDA Antagonist Nitrous oxide

  14. Dr.Petroianu Drugs acting on Autonomic ganglia Nicotine Non-selective Trimethaphan Short acting Given I.V Macamylamine Long acting Oral administration

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