1 / 77

CHAPTER 7

CHAPTER 7. Muscles and Joints. Muscles Overview. Muscles support and maintain body posture through a low level of contraction Skeletal muscles produce a substantial amount of heat when they contract. Types of Muscles. Skeletal Attaches to the bones of the skeleton Voluntary/striated

andrew-buckner
Download Presentation

CHAPTER 7

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHAPTER 7 Muscles and Joints

  2. Muscles Overview • Muscles support and maintain body posture through a low level of contraction • Skeletal muscles produce a substantial amount of heat when they contract

  3. Types of Muscles • Skeletal • Attaches to the bones of the skeleton • Voluntary/striated • Operates under conscious control • Smooth • Called visceral muscle • Involuntary/not striated • Not under conscious control

  4. Types of Muscles • Cardiac • Forms the wall of the heart • Involuntary

  5. Attachment of Muscles • Tendon • Attaches muscles to bones • Point of origin • Point of attachment of the muscle to the bone that is less movable • Point of insertion • Point of attachment to the bone that it moves

  6. Attachment of Muscles

  7. Question True or False: Of the 3 types of muscle, cardiac is the only one that is voluntary.

  8. Muscles of the Head and Neck • Buccinator • Located in fleshy part of cheek • Temporal • Located above and near the ear • Masseter • Located at the angle of the jaw • Raises the mandible and closes the jaw

  9. Muscles of the Head and Neck • Sternomastoid • Also called the sternocleidomastoid • Extends from the sternum upward along the side of the neck to the mastoid process

  10. Muscles of the Upper Extremities • Trapezius • Triangular-shaped muscle • Extends across the back of the shoulder • Covers back of neck • Inserts on clavicle and scapula

  11. Muscles of the Upper Extremities • Latissimus dorsi • Originates from vertebrae of lower back • Crosses lower half of thoracic region • Passes between humerus and scapula • Inserts on anterior surface of humerus • Forms the posterior border of the armpit

  12. Muscles of the Upper Extremities • Pectoralis major • Large, fan-shaped muscle • Crosses the upper part of the front chest • Originates from sternum • Crosses over to humerus

  13. Muscles of the Upper Extremities • Deltoid • Covers the shoulder joint • Originates from clavicle and scapula • Inserts on lateral side of the humerus

  14. Muscles of the Upper Extremities • Biceps brachii • Muscle has two heads • Originates from scapula • Inserts on the radius

  15. Muscles of the Upper Extremities • Triceps brachii • Muscle has three heads • Originates from scapula and humerus • Inserts onto olecranon process of the ulna at the elbow

  16. Muscles of the Upper Extremities

  17. Muscles of the Upper Extremities

  18. Question If you have a tension headache and the back of your neck feels like it is in a vice grip, which muscle is most likely responsible? • trapezius • sternocleidomastoid • biceps brachii • latissimus dorsi

  19. Muscles of the Lower Extremities • Gluteus maximus • Forms most of the fleshy part of the buttock • Originates from ilium and inserts in the femur • Gluteus medius • Located above the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus muscle • Originates from posterior part of ilium • Inserts in greater trochanter of the femur

  20. Muscles of the Lower Extremities • Quadriceps femoris • Form anterior part of the thigh • Help extend the thigh • Hamstring muscles • Located in posterior part of the thigh • Help flex leg on the thigh • Help extend the thigh

  21. Muscles of the Lower Extremities • Gastrocnemius • Main muscle of the calf • Attaches to heel bone by way of Achilles tendon • Used to plantar flex foot and flex toes • Tibialis anterior • Positioned on the front of the leg • Used to dorsiflex foot and turn foot inward

  22. Muscles of the Lower Extremities

  23. Muscles of the Lower Extremities

  24. Question A runner suddenly grabs the back of his or her leg in pain. Which muscle group was injured? • quadriceps femoris • gastrocnemius • hamstring • tibialis anterior

  25. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Muscles

  26. Muscular Dystrophy • Pronounced • (MUSS-kew-lar DIS-troh-fee) • Defined • Group of genetically transmitted disorders • Characterized by progressive weakness and muscle fiber degeneration • No evidence of nerve involvement or degeneration of nerve tissue

  27. Polymyositis • Pronounced • (pol-ee-my-oh-SIGH-tis) • Defined • Chronic, progressive disease affecting the skeletal muscles • Characterized by muscle weakness and degeneration • Atrophy

  28. Rotator Cuff Tear • Pronounced • (ROH-tay-tor kuff TAIR) • Defined • Tear in muscles that form a “cuff” over upper end of arm • Rotator cuff helps to lift and rotate the arm • Also helps to hold head of humerus in place during abduction of arm

  29. Rotator Cuff Tear

  30. Question True or False: The term muscular dystrophy means development of bad muscle, while polymyositis means inflammation of many muscles.

  31. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS, AND PROCEDURES Muscles

  32. Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments, and Procedures • Electromyography • Process of recording strength of contraction of a muscle when stimulated by electric current • Muscle biopsy • Extraction of a specimen of muscle tissue, through biopsy needle or incisional biopsy, for purpose of examining it under a microscope

  33. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Joints

  34. Joints Overview • Joint = articulation • Point at which two individual bones connect • Joints determine degree of movement • Movement ranges from free to limited • Suture = immovable joint • Purpose is to bind bones together

  35. Classification of Joints (Structural) • Fibrous • Surfaces of bone fit closely together • Held together by fibrous connective tissue • Immovable joint • Example: suture between the skull bones

  36. Classification of Joints (Structural)

  37. Classification of Joints (Structural) • Cartilaginous • Bones are connected by cartilage • Limited movement joint • Example: Symphysis • Joint between the pubic bones of the pelvis

  38. Classification of Joints (Structural)

  39. Classification of Joints (Structural) • Synovial • Space between the bones = joint cavity • Joint cavity lined with synovial membrane • Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid • Bones are held together by ligaments • Free movement joint • Example = shoulder

  40. Classification of Joints (Functional) • Hinge • Allows a back and forth type motion • Example: elbow • Ball-and-socket • Allows movement in many directions around a central point • Example: shoulder joint and hip joint

  41. Classification of Joints (Functional)

  42. Question True or False: The cartilaginous joint between the 2 halves of the pelvis (symphysis) is vital for childbirth.

  43. Question What enables our movable joints to move freely and without pain? • cartilage • fibrous tissue • connective tissue • synovial membrane

  44. Movements of Joints • Flexion • Bending motion • Decreases angle between two bones • Extension • Straightening motion • Increases angle between two bones

  45. Movements of Joints • Abduction • Movement of a bone away from midline of the body • Adduction • Movement of a bone toward midline of the body

  46. Movements of Joints • Supination • Act of turning the palm up or forward • Pronation • Act of turning the palm down or backward

  47. Movements of Joints • Dorsiflexion • Narrows the angle between the leg and the top of the foot • Foot is bent backward, or upward, at the ankle

  48. Movements of Joints • Plantar flexion • Increases angle between the leg and the top of the foot • Foot is bent downward at the ankle • Toes pointing downward, as in ballet dancing

  49. Movements of Joints • Rotation • Turning of a bone on its own axis • Circumduction • Movement of an extremity around in a circular motion • Can be performed with ball-and-socket joints

  50. Question When bodybuilders are showing off their muscles, what movement are they using? • extension • flexion • abduction • circumduction

More Related