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Configuration

This comprehensive toolkit provides configuration tools for Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). It covers ISDN channel types and bonding, encoding techniques, X.25 packet network connection, and the history and technical overview of DHCP.

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Configuration

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  1. Configuration https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  2. Integrated Services Digital Network Configurations • In ISDN, there are two types of channels, B (for "bearer") and D (for "data"). B channels are used for data (which may include voice), and D channels are intended for signaling and control (but can also be used for data). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  3. Integrated Services Digital Network Configurations • There are two ISDN implementations https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  4. Integrated Services Digital Network Configurations • Another alternative ISDN configuration can be used in which the B channels of an ISDN BRI line are bonded to provide a total duplex bandwidth of 128 kbit/s. This precludes use of the line for voice calls while the internet connection is in use. The B channels of several BRIs can be bonded, a typical use is a 384K videoconferencing channel. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  5. Integrated Services Digital Network Configurations • Using bipolar with eight-zero substitution encoding technique, call data is transmitted over the data (B) channels, with the signaling (D) channels used for call setup and management https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  6. Integrated Services Digital Network Configurations • The D channel can also be used for sending and receiving X.25 data packets, and connection to X.25 packet network, this is specified in X.31. In practice, X.31 was only commercially implemented in UK, France and Japan. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  7. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol History • DHCP was first defined as a standards track protocol in RFC 1531 in October 1993, as an extension to the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP). The motivation for extending BOOTP was that BOOTP required manual intervention to add configuration information for each client, and did not provide a mechanism for reclaiming unused IP addresses. This means that connecting a computer to the internet was a manual process. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  8. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol History • Many worked to clarify the protocol as it gained popularity, and in 1997 RFC 2131 was released, and remains as of 2011 the standard for IPv4 networks. DHCPv6 is documented in RFC 3315. RFC 3633 added a DHCPv6 mechanism for prefix delegation. DHCPv6 was further extended to provide configuration information to clients configured using stateless address autoconfiguration in RFC 3736. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  9. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol History • The BOOTP protocol itself was first defined in RFC 951 as a replacement for the Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RARP https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  10. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Nontechnical overview • DHCP allows computers (clients) to be assigned settings from a server in a client-server model. DHCP is very common in modern networks and is used in home networks as well as larger campus networks. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  11. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Nontechnical overview • DHCP is often used together with network address translation (NAT) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  12. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Technical overview • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol automates network-parameter assignment to network devices from one or more DHCP servers. Even in small networks, DHCP is useful because it makes it easy to add new machines to the network. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  13. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Technical overview • On receiving a valid request, the server assigns the computer an IP address, a lease (length of time the allocation is valid), and other IP configuration parameters, such as the subnet mask and the default gateway https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  14. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Technical overview • Because the DHCP protocol must work correctly even before DHCP clients have been configured, the DHCP server and DHCP client usually must be connected to the same network link https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  15. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Technical overview • dynamic allocation: A network administrator assigns a range of IP addresses to DHCP, and each client computer on the LAN is configured to request an IP address from the DHCP server during network initialization. The request-and-grant process uses a lease concept with a controllable time period, allowing the DHCP server to reclaim (and then reallocate) IP addresses that are not renewed. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  16. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Technical overview • automatic allocation: The DHCP server permanently assigns a free IP address to a requesting client from the range defined by the administrator. This is like dynamic allocation, but the DHCP server keeps a table of past IP address assignments, so that it can preferentially assign to a client the same IP address that the client previously had. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  17. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Technical overview • static allocation: The DHCP server allocates an IP address based on a table with MAC address/IP address pairs, which are manually filled in (perhaps by a network administrator) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  18. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Technical details • DHCP uses the same two ports assigned by IANA for BOOTP: destination UDP port 67 for sending data to the server, and UDP port 68 for data to the client. DHCP communications are connectionless in nature. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  19. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Technical details • DHCP operations fall into four basic phases: IP discovery, IP lease offer, IP request, and IP lease acknowledgment. These points are often abbreviated as DORA (Discovery, Offer, Request, Acknowledgment). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  20. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Technical details • DHCP clients and servers on the same subnet communicate via UDP broadcasts, initially. If the client and server are on different subnets, a DHCP Helper or DHCP Relay Agent may be used. Clients requesting renewal of an existing lease may communicate directly via UDP unicast, since the client already has an established IP address at that point. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  21. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP discovery • The client broadcasts messages on the physical subnet to discover available DHCP servers. Network administrators can configure a local router to forward DHCP packets to a DHCP server which resides on a different subnet. This client implementation creates a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packet with the broadcast destination of 255.255.255.255 or the specific subnet broadcast address. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  22. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP discovery • A DHCP client can also request its last-known IP address (in the example below, 192.168.1.100) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  23. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP discovery • YIADDR (Your IP Address) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  24. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP discovery • DHCP option 55: Parameter Request List: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  25. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP discovery • Request Subnet Mask (1), Router (3), Domain Name (15), Domain Name Server (6) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  26. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP offer • When a DHCP server receives an IP lease request from a client, it reserves an IP address for the client and extends an IP lease offer by sending a DHCPOFFER message to the client. This message contains the client's MAC address, the IP address that the server is offering, the subnet mask, the lease duration, and the IP address of the DHCP server making the offer. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  27. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP offer • The server determines the configuration based on the client's hardware address as specified in the CHADDR (Client Hardware Address) field. Here the server, 192.168.1.1, specifies the client's IP address in the YIADDR (Your IP Address) field. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  28. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP offer • DHCP option 1: 255.255.255.0 subnet mask https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  29. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP request • In response to the DHCP offer, the client replies with a DHCP request, broadcast to the server, requesting the offered address https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  30. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP acknowledgement • When the DHCP server receives the DHCPREQUEST message from the client, the configuration process enters its final phase. The acknowledgement phase involves sending a DHCPACK packet to the client. This packet includes the lease duration and any other configuration information that the client might have requested. At this point, the IP configuration process is completed. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  31. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP acknowledgement • The protocol expects the DHCP client to configure its network interface with the negotiated parameters. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  32. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP acknowledgement • After the client obtains an IP address, the client may use the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) to prevent IP conflicts caused by overlapping address pools of DHCP servers. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  33. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP information • A DHCP client may request more information than the server sent with the original DHCPOFFER. The client may also request repeat data for a particular application. For example, browsers use DHCP Inform to obtain web proxy settings via WPAD. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  34. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP releasing • The client sends a request to the DHCP server to release the DHCP information and the client deactivates its IP address. As client devices usually do not know when users may unplug them from the network, the protocol does not mandate the sending of DHCP Release. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  35. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Client configuration parameters in DHCP • A DHCP server can provide optional configuration parameters to the client. RFC 2132 describes the available defined by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) - DHCP and BOOTP PARAMETERS. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  36. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Client configuration parameters in DHCP • A DHCP client can select, manipulate and overwrite parameters provided by a DHCP server. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  37. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • Options are variable length octet strings. The first octet is the option code, the second octet is the number of following octets and the remaining octets are code dependent. For example, the DHCP Message type option for an Offer would appear as 0x35,0x01,0x02, where 0x35 is code 53 for "DHCP Message Type", 0x01 means one octet follows and 0x02 is the value of "Offer". https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  38. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 0 Pad 1 octet Can be used to pad other options so that they are aligned to the word boundary https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  39. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 1 Subnet Mask 4 octets Must be sent after the router option (option 3) if both are included https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  40. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 3 Router multiples of 4 octets Available routers, should be listed in order of preference https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  41. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 4 Time Server multiples of 4 octets Available time servers to synchronise with, should be listed in order of preference https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  42. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 5 Name Server multiples of 4 octets Available IEN116 name servers, should be listed in order of preference https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  43. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 6 Domain Name Server multiples of 4 octets Available DNS servers, should be listed in order of preference https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  44. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 7 Log Server multiples of 4 octets Available log servers, should be listed in order of preference. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  45. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 11 Resource Location Server multiples of 4 octets https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  46. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 12 Host Name minimum of 1 octet https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  47. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 14 Merit Dump File minimum of 1 octet Path where crash dumps should be stored https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  48. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 15 Domain Name minimum of 1 octet https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  49. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 17 Root Path minimum of 1 octet https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

  50. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP options • 18 Extensions Path minimum of 1 octet https://store.theartofservice.com/the-configuration-toolkit.html

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