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Advanced Fibre Bragg Grating Structures: Design and Application

Advanced Fibre Bragg Grating Structures: Design and Application. Morten Ibsen ORC – University of Southampton Southampton Photonics Inc. United Kingdom. M. Ibsen , “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1 , ECOC’01. ~ Contributors ~.

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Advanced Fibre Bragg Grating Structures: Design and Application

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  1. Advanced Fibre Bragg Grating Structures: Design and Application Morten Ibsen ORC – University of Southampton Southampton Photonics Inc. United Kingdom. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  2. ~ Contributors ~ • M.K. Durkin, Southampton Photonics Inc., UK. • R. Feced, Nortel Networks, UK. • M.J. Cole, Nortel Networks, USA. • M.N. Zervas, Southampton Photonics Inc., UK. • P. Petropoulos, ORC - Univ. of Southampton, UK. • D.J. Richardson, ORC - Univ. of Southampton, UK. • P.C. Teh, ORC - Univ. of Southampton, UK. • J.H. Lee, ORC - Univ. of Southampton, UK. • H. Geiger, Siemens, Germany. • D.N. Payne, ORC - Univ. of Southampton, UK. • R.I. Laming, Kymata Ltd., UK. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  3. ~ Outline ~ • Introduction to Bragg gratings. • Fundamentals. • History. • Design and application of advanced Bragg gratings. • Single channel. • Multiple channel. • Manufacturing of advanced Bragg gratings. • Summary. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  4. ~ Bragg grating fundamentals ~ • What is a Bragg grating?. • A periodic or almost periodic structure consisting of a variation of for example the refractive index along the length of a waveguide. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  5. ~ Bragg grating fundamentals ~ • What does it do?. • Coupling of a forward propagating core-mode to a backward propagating core-mode. • Acts as a band-rejection filter passing all wavelengths that are not is resonance with the grating and reflecting wavelengths that satisfies the Bragg condition. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  6. ~ Bragg grating fundamentals ~ • Why?. • A small Fresnel reflection from each low-high, high-low refractive index transition. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  7. ~ Bragg grating fundamentals ~ • Parameters related to a Bragg grating. • Strong overall reflection is achieved when each of the reflected contributions add in-phase (phase coherence/matching). M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  8. ~ Bragg grating fundamentals ~ • Parameters related to a Bragg grating. • neff ~ 1.455 in silica. • “Short” period grating to operate in lowest order mode (m=1) with Bragg wavelength B ~ 1550nm, ~500nm. • Typical index changes, n ~ 10-5 – 10-3. • Typical lengths, 1cm – 10cm, some types ~1m. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  9. ~ Bragg grating history ~ • First observation of photo-induced fibre Bragg grating. • Discovered by a coincidence. K.O.Hill et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 32, p. 647, 1978. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  10. ~ Bragg grating history ~ • First demonstration of practical Bragg grating inscription. • Initial grating demonstrations was believed to be a two-photon process. • UV-light at 257nm was used. G.Meltz et al., Optics Lett., 14, p. 823, 1989. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  11. ~ Bragg grating design ~ • Parameters that can be altered or controlled in a Bragg grating. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  12. Coupling Constant Reflection Coefficient ~ Bragg grating design ~ • Fourier theory can give a good first approximation to the spectral response of a Bragg grating. • Wave-vector response M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  13. ~ Bragg grating design ~ • Single-channel. • Uniform grating. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  14. ~ Bragg grating design ~ • Single-channel. • Bragg grating with square spectral response (square filter). H.Storøy et al., Optics Lett., 22, p. 784, 1997. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  15. ~ Bragg grating design ~ • Single-channel. • Apodised grating. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  16. ~ Applications of Bragg gratings ~ • Single-channel apodised Bragg grating. • Application in uniform filtering. • Strong apodised grating shows square filter characteristics. • Apodisation-induced in-band dispersion. M.Ibsen et al., ECOC’98, p. 413, 1998. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  17. ~ Design of Bragg gratings ~ • Single-channel square filter with constant time-delay. M.Ibsen et al., Electron. Lett., 34, p. 800, 1998. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  18. ~ Design of Bragg gratings ~ • High reflectivity single-channel square filter with constant time-delay (dispersion-free grating). • Phase-control during design as well. • Layer-peeling inverse-scattering technique. • The grating response is inverted in the time-domain. • Based on causality. • Layer-by-layer building of the Bragg grating. • Directional design – asymmetric designs. R.Feced et al., J. Quantum Electron., 35, p. 1105, 1999. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  19. ~ Design of Bragg gratings ~ • High reflectivity single-channel dispersion-free gratings. • 50GHz grating with 99.9% reflectivity and 75% BWU. R.Feced et al., J. Quantum Electron., 35, p. 1105, 1999. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  20. ~ Design of Bragg gratings ~ • Dispersion-free gratings vs standard apodised gratings in a 10Gbit/s NRZ system. M.Ibsen et al., OFC’2000, PD21, 2000. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  21. Source Target FBG/Filter Fourier transform ~ Design of Bragg gratings ~ • Bragg gratings for shaping of short pulses. • Rectangular pulse generation. P.Petropoulos et al., J. Lightwave Technol., 19, p. 746, 2001. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  22. ~ Design of Bragg gratings ~ • Bragg gratings for shaping of short pulses. • Rectangular pulse generation. • Target square pulse duration: 20ps • Operate directly on the pulses in the time-domain. P.Petropoulos et al., J. Lightwave Technol., 19, p. 746, 2001. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  23. ~ Design of Bragg gratings ~ • Bragg gratings for shaping of short pulses. • Rectangular pulse generation. • 2.5ps soliton seed pulses. • Applications in square window switching. J.Lee et al., OFC’2001., PD, 2001. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  24. ~ Chirped Bragg gratings ~ • Dispersion compensation and/or broad bandwidth applications. • Differential reflective delay for different spectral components F.Ouellette, Optics Lett., 12, p. 847, 1987. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  25. ~ Design of chirped Bragg gratings ~ • Single-channel gratings 100GHz. • Linearly chirped. • Non-linearly chirped for 2nd and 3rd-order dispersion compensation. M.Ibsen et al., ECOC’97, paper We1C, p 49, 1997. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  26. ~ Design of chirped Bragg gratings ~ • Single-channel gratings 100GHz. M.Ibsen et al., Photon. Technol. Lett., 12, p. 498, 2000. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  27. ~ Design of chirped Bragg gratings ~ • Design example; gain-flattening filter with dispersion profile to compensate 80km transmission in TrueWaveTM-fibre. • Requirement; reflective filter with the inverse spectral profile and negative dispersion profile. M.Ibsen et al., Photon. Technol. Lett., 12, p. 498, 2000. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  28. ~ Design of chirped Bragg gratings ~ • Gain-flattening filter with incorporated dispersion-compensation. M.Ibsen et al., Photon. Technol. Lett., 12, p. 498, 2000. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  29. ~ Design of chirped Bragg gratings ~ • Single channel gratings <100GHz bandwidth. • Exact design using layer-peeling inverse scattering. M.K.Durkin et al., OFC’2000, paper TuH4, 2000. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  30. ~ Design of chirped Bragg gratings ~ • Single channel gratings <100GHz bandwidth. • Exact design for 50GHz grating with –1360ps/nm dispersion. M.K.Durkin et al., OFC’2000, paper TuH4, 2000. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  31. ~ Multiple-channel Bragg gratings ~ • Superstructure Bragg gratings with digital sampling function and uniform pitch (A(z) modulated digitally). • Concatenation of identical or nearly identical short Bragg gratings. • Multi-interference effects, equivalent to the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern from an amplitude mask with multiple slits. V. Jayaraman et al., J. Quantum Electron., 29, p. 1824, 1993. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  32. ~ Design of sampled Bragg gratings ~ • Uniform pitch digitally sampled Bragg gratings. B.J.Eggleton et al., Electron. Lett., 30, p. 1620, 1994. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  33. ~ Applications of sampled gratings ~ • Multiple channel add-drop with digitally sampled gratings. J.Hübner et al., Photon. Technol. Lett., 10, p. 552, 1998. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  34. ~ Applications of sampled gratings ~ • Widely tunable DBR fibre laser using sampled Bragg gratings. • Vernier principle with strain tuning. M.Ibsen et al., Electron. Lett., 31, p. 37, 1995. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  35. ~ Applications of sampled gratings ~ • Widely tunable DBR fibre laser using sampled Bragg gratings. • Two 40mm long digitally sampled gratings. • Discontinuous tuning over 16.7nm for 0.14% applied strain. M.Ibsen et al., Electron. Lett., 31, p. 37, 1995. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  36. ~ Applications of sampled gratings ~ • Multiple-wavelength operation in a ring fibre laser using a digitally sampled Bragg grating. J.Chow et al., Photon. Technol. Lett., 8, p. 60, 1996. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  37. ~ Design of sampled Bragg gratings ~ • Digitally sampled chirped Bragg gratings. • Identical dispersion in all channels. F.Ouellette et al., Electron. Lett., 31, p. 899, 1995. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  38. ~ Applications of sampled gratings ~ • Multiple-channel or WDM dispersion compensation. • Grating chirped over 0.35nm. • Transmission over 240km in standard fibre. F.Ouellette et al., Electron. Lett., 31, p. 899, 1995. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  39. ~ Design of sampled Bragg gratings ~ • Digitally sampled chirped Bragg gratings. • Non-identical dispersion in all channels. W.H.Loh et al., Photon. Technol. Lett., 11, p. 1280, 1999. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  40. ~ Applications of sampled gratings ~ • Dispersion slope compensator. W.H.Loh et al., Photon. Technol. Lett., 11, p. 1280, 1999. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  41. ~ Design of sampled Bragg gratings ~ • Sampled gratings with finite number of channels. • “sinc-sampled” refractive index profile. M.Ibsen et al., Photon. Technol. Lett., 10, p. 842, 1998. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  42. ~ Design of sampled Bragg gratings ~ • “Sinc-sampled” Bragg gratings. M.Ibsen et al., Photon. Technol. Lett., 10, p. 842, 1998. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  43. ~ Application of “sinc-sampled” gratings ~ • “Sinc-sampled” Bragg gratings for interleaving applications. • Compact identical channel filter for 50GHz demux. M.Ibsen et al., Photon. Technol. Lett., 10, p. 842, 1998. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  44. ~ Application of “sinc-sampled” gratings ~ • “Sinc-sampled” Bragg gratings for pulse-multiplication. • 10GHz to 40GHz multiplication. P.Petropoulos et al., Optics Lett., 25, p. 521, 2000. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  45. ~ Application of “sinc-sampled” gratings ~ • “Sinc-sampled” Bragg gratings for pulse-multiplication. • Grating design. P.Petropoulos et al., Optics Lett., 25, p. 521, 2000. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  46. ~ Application of “sinc-sampled” gratings ~ • “Sinc-sampled” Bragg gratings for pulse-multiplication. • 10GHz to 40GHz multiplication. P.Petropoulos et al., Optics Lett., 25, p. 521, 2000. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  47. ~ Application of “sinc-sampled” gratings ~ • 4-channel dispersion compensator for enhanced bandwidth. • Chirped pitch. • 4 times enhanced dispersion-bandwidth product. M.Ibsen et al., Photon. Technol. Lett., 10, p. 842, 1998. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  48. ~ Multiple-channel Bragg gratings ~ • Advantages using sampled gratings for multiple-channel generation. • Multiple channels in one length of fibre. • Compact. • One writing procedure of many channels. • Periodic frequency response. • Easy frequency matching to a grid. • Disadvantages. • Large refractive index modulations are required from the fibres. • High degree of control over all fabrication parameters are required. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  49. ~ Manufacturing of Bragg gratings ~ • Phase-control using UV post-processing. J. Canning and M.G. Sceats, Electron. Lett., 30, p. 1344, 1994. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

  50. ~ Manufacturing of Bragg gratings ~ • Phase-control using phase-shifted phase-mask. • Desired grating profile is adressed in the phase-mask. R.Kashyap et al., Electron. Lett., 30, p. 1977, 1994. M. Ibsen, “Advanced fibre Bragg grating design and technology”, Tutorial presentation, We.M.3.1, ECOC’01.

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