An Overview of the Control of Hazardous Substances 有害物质控制概述

1. An Overview of the Control of Hazardous Substances有害物质控制概述

2. Introduction 介绍 • Need to fully understand all the risks & how workers may be exposed before any control options 在考虑可控选项之前，需要充分了解所有风险以及工人们可能会处在怎样的风险环境中 • Need to find out exactly what is causing the exposure需要找出导致发生风险的确切因素 • How is the substance coming into contact with workers -- consider all routes有害物质是怎样接触到工人的－考虑所有途径

3. Introduction (cont) 介绍（续） Example 例如： Emptying a sack of powder into a hopper将一袋粉状物质全部倒入漏斗中 • Tempting to just control airborne exposure from sack emptying尝试仅控制倾倒过程中倾倒物在空中散布的情况 • Is this all that should be considered?这就是所有应考虑的因素吗？

4. Introduction (cont) 介绍（续） • Other sources 其它来源 • Handling of empty sack to reduce bulk can generate significant clouds of dust 处理空袋子以减少剩余散状物可能产生的巨大尘云 • Other issues 其它方面 • Is skin contact an issue? 存在皮肤接触的情况吗？ • Is RPE in use & is it appropriate for contaminant?使用了呼吸器官防护用具（RPE）吗？该用具适用于污染物吗？ • Is the thermal environment and issue? 存在热环境的情况吗？ • Are there any ergonomic issues? 需要进行人体工学问题的研究吗？

5. Introduction (cont) 介绍（续） It is only after you have a full understanding of the issues will you have a chance of implementing a successful control strategy只有在充分理解这些问题之后，你们才有可能成功实施控制策略。 Remember: your most important tools in developing a successful control strategy are your eyes & ears记住：要成功地制定出控制策略，其最重要的工具就是你们的眼睛和耳朵。

6. When Evaluating a Situation 现状评估 • Look at what is happening 观察正在发生的情况 • How does the process operate?这些过程是怎样发展的？ • What do the workers actually do?工人们实际在做什么？ • Look for unexpected or other tasks 寻找意想不到的目标或其它目标 • Periodic cleaning or maintenance定期清洁或定期维护 • Opening containment vessels for inspections打开容器盖以备检查

7. When Evaluating a Situation (cont)现状评估（续） • Look at the way the contaminants are generated观察污染物产生的方式 • Leakage, handling of empty containers泄漏、处理空容器时 • Machinery movement causing dust or vapour clouds机器的运转引起粉尘或蒸气云时 • Cross drafts 交叉气流时 • Don’t forget the potential impact of skin contact别忽略潜在的皮肤接触危害 • Direct handling or indirectly (contaminated clothing). 直接或间接（受污染的衣物）处理污物时

8. When Evaluating a Situation (cont)现状评估（续） • Can contaminated clothing be taken home 受污染的衣物可以带回家吗？ • Families of workers developing mesothelioma工人家庭成员会患上间皮瘤病 • Personal hygiene habits 个人卫生习惯 • Wash hands before eating & drinking 进食饮水前要洗手 • Lead contamination of smoking materials 被铅污染的吸烟用品 • Cleanliness of area 场所卫生 • Are solvents used for cleaning 使用溶剂进行清洁了吗？ • Dry brushing in dusty industries 粉尘大的行业要进行干扫

9. When Evaluating a Situation (cont)现状评估（续） • Listen to what the workers involved in the process are saying倾听此过程所涉及的工人们的想法 • Not all comments are necessarily valid but can help identify issues 虽不是所有的意见都一定有效，但却可以帮助识别问题 • As many control measures require use by workers so it is vital they are involved in discussing control options鉴于大多控制措施都要由工人们来实施，因此让他们来参与控制选项的讨论尤其关键 • Be objective - check facts via observation & measurement客观性－通过观察和测量来查证实情

10. When Evaluating a Situation (cont)现状评估（续） • Use survey equipment & monitoring to help characterise the problem利用调查和监控设备来协助定义问题的性质 • Use dust lamps or direct reading instruments to help identify sources of emissions利用粉尘灯或直读式仪器来协助辨别排放物来源 • Personal monitors with data logging can be used alongside an activities log to identify causes of peak exposures可在活动记录中使用带数据记录功能的个人监测器，以辨别最恶劣情况的成因

11. Direct Reading Monitor Readout直读式监测器读数 Use of direct reading instrument to identify task exposure 使用只读式仪器来标识目标暴露值 ppm (as isobutylene如异丁烯 ) Taking process acetate ester samples提取工艺醋酸酯样本 180 160 140 Taking process kettle samples提取工艺水壶样本 120 100 Painting?油漆？ 80 60 Laboratory work实验室作业 40 (titration‘s etc.)（滴定等） 20 0 23:43 00:35 01:01 01:27 22:25 22:51 23:17 00:09 01:53 02:19 04:29 04:03 21:33 21:59 02:45 03:11 03:37 Source: G Wilcox, BP Chemicals Ltd.出处： G Wilcox、英国石油化学公司

12. When Developing a Control Strategy制定控制策略 • Don’t be afraid to try out ideas with pilot schemes before committing to a strategy要大胆地尝试采用前卫的理念来制定策略 • If enclosure is a possible strategy consider making a mock up out of cardboard etc to see if it will work and it does not interfere with operations如果需要制定的策略就是制作一个外壳，则需考虑由厚纸板等制作出的模型是否可行，及是否干扰制作。

13. When Developing a Control Strategy (cont)制定控制策略（续） Don’t consider the job finished until satisfactory control has been demonstrated and a strategy is in place for the regular testing, maintenance & review of the control measure in line with any good management system (e.g. OHSAS 18001) 只有当控制情况令人满意，控制措施的定期测试、维护和复查策略到位，并且符合所有高水平的管理系统，才可看作工作已经完成。

14. Steps to Control 控制步骤 Step 1: Review the risk assessment & understand the hazards步骤1: 审核风险评估和理解危险 • Should be based on a RA of the work & process应依据作业和工艺的风险评估 • Have a full understanding of the nature of the hazards posed by work充分理解作业中特定危险的性质 • Establish the range of substances used, generated or by-products确定所使用的、产生的物质范围或副产品的范围 • Look for routes of entry寻找进入路径 • Look for other hazards that may complicate the control approach寻找其它可能使控制方法复杂化的危险

15. Steps to Control (cont) 控制步骤（续） Step 2: Review control strategies from similar operations 步骤2：审核类似操作中的控制策略 • Is this a typical process for this industry?这是此行业的典型工艺吗？ • Is information available for control options?信息可用于控制选项吗？ • Do other sites within the organization have similar issues?本单位内的其它场所有类似情况吗？ • Can suppliers help?供应商可提供帮助吗？ • Important to ensure that the control measures are appropriate to the situation under review确保控制措施适合于所审核的案例至关重要

16. Steps to Control (cont) 控制步骤（续） Step 3: Stop, look & listen步骤3：停下、观察和倾听 • Spend time getting to know the workers & supervisors花时间了解工人和监督员的情况 • Understand the process理解此工艺 • Try to characterize particular tasks against exposure profiles尽力描述暴露在特定环境中的特定目标的情况 • Establish what is practical & will be used by the workers确定具有实用价值且可以被工人利用的事物

17. Steps to Control (cont) 控制步骤（续） Step 4: Look at options for control步骤4：查看控制选项 • What are all the hazards & what may ensure their control全部危险有哪些，及可以确保控制的要素 • Use the hierarchy of control to select options使用层状控制结构来进行选择 • Consider that for effective control it may be necessary to use more than one option. For particular environments it may be necessary to build in redundant layers of protection注意，要实现有效控制，就可能需要使用一种以上的选项。对特殊环境，还可能需要建立备用的保护层。

18. The “Swiss Cheese” Model“瑞士乳酪”模型 Source来源 Elimination消除 Protective Hazard ‘ Barriers保护“屏障” ’ Substitution替换 Pathway路径 Weaknesses or ‘ Holes弱点或“孔” ’ Enclosure/isolation围住/隔离 Engineering工程 Administrative管理 Personal Protection个人保护 Receiver接受者 Exposure暴露 Source: BP International Ltd源自：英国石油国际有限公司

19. Close the Loop 课程结束 • Ensure training in all control measures确保培训所有的控制措施 • Ensure controls are maintained & examined regularly确保定期维护和检查控制 • Check effectiveness by periodic reassessment进行定期复评以核查效率

20. Close the Loop (cont) 课程结束（续） 目的 风险评估和优先次序 计划和控制 管理审核及改进 实施和操作 测量、评估及矫正措施 Source: BP International Ltd源自：英国石油国际有限公司