PRESENTATION ON

2. PRESENTATIONON COMPARISON BETWEEN DRIP/SPRINKLE IRRIGATION AND FLOW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN THE IRRIGATED PLANTATIONS OF PUNJAB

3. WATER Common chemical substance: H2O. Found in all three states simultaneously: solid, liquid and gaseous. Collective mass of water on planet is called Hydrosphere. Covers about 71% of the Earth’s surface. Total mass is: 1021 kg. Total volume: 1.36 billion km3. 3% is usable. Glaciers, polar ice caps, rivers, lakes & ponds. Water moves continually in a cycle: Hydrology Cycle. 70% of fresh water is consumed by agriculture.

4. IMPORTANCE OF WATER Covers more than two-third of earth’s surface. Makes up 50-90% of the weight of living things. Constitutes 75% of human body. More than 80% of human brain consists of water. Water regulates all the functions & activities of living things. Aids in metabolic processes. Industry, agriculture and forestry totally depends upon water. Every field of life cannot exist without water. Water can alter human cultures and civilizations. Water is Life

5. IRRIGTION &TYPES OF IRRIGATION Irrigation: Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. Grow crops with minimum amount of water required. Supplement water/rainfall shortfalls.

6. History of Irrigation: • Evidence of irrigation in Egypt in 6th B.C. • Archaeological evidence of irrigation dates back to 6th millennium B.C in Egypt to grow Barley. • First water gauge was discovered in Korea I 1441 A.C. • Pakistan has one of the world’s largest irrigation system. • Irrigation water is a very precious commodity now. • Its conservation & economical use for optimum utilization is a matter of great importance. • We have to incorporate methods to conserve it & not over use it.

7. Types of Irrigation: • Surface Irrigation. • Sub-irrigation. • Localized irrigation.

8. Irrigation In Irrigated PlantationsSurface Irrigation“Flow Irrigation” • Flood Irrigation. • Flow/Trench Irrigation. Flow irrigation is very economical than flood irrigation.

9. Flood Irrigation • Simple, low-tech. • Cheap. • Gravity feed. • Plots of 0.5 or 1 Ac. • Species raised: Populusspp, Eucalyptusspp.

12. Advantages: • Very low running cost. • Easy to operate. • No high skills are required. • No mechanical or pumping equipment is required. • Easy maintenance of water channels. • Flush out salts.

13. Disadvantages: • 50% of water evaporates. • Flooding causes anaerobic conditions resulting in de-nitrification. • Highly leveled field is required. • Reduction in capillary oxygen. • Can cause run-off & erosion.

14. Trench Irrigation • Trenches/channels. • Slots. • Usual spacing: 10’. • Better utilization of water. • Species raised: Dalbergiasissoo, Bombaxceiba, Acacianilotica, Eucalyptusspp.

17. Advantages: • Reduces loss of water. • Increases efficient use of water. • Less weed growth. • No run-off and erosion.

18. Disadvantages: • Tail-water losses. • Movement of equipment. • Fair leveling. • Volatile irrigation pattern. • Re-opening is required.

19. Localized Irrigation • Drip Irrigation. • Sprinkler Irrigation.

20. Drip Irrigation System • Trickle irrigation or micro-irrigation. • Drops of Water. • Slowly to plant root zone. • Most efficient method. • Minimum evaporation.

21. History: • Ancient times: buried clay pots. • Experimentally in Afghanistan, 1866, with clay pipes. • Perforated pipes introduced in 1920’s in Germany. • Modern plastic pipes were invented and used during WW II. • Modern drip emitting technology was developed in Israel in 1959. • Pipes and emitters of different sizes. • Latest development is more durable pipes and emitters resistant from clogging.

23. Components: • Pressurized water source or pump. • Filtration system. • Fertilizer and pesticide/fungicide injector. • Backflow controller. • Main line and sub-main line. • Control valves and safety valves. • Laterals. • Poly fittings and accessories. • Emitting devices.

25. Advantages: • Adaptable to oddly shaped, uneven fields. • Work under any environment and land. • Uniform, minimum & optimum use of water. • Precise & timely application of nutrients, fertilizers & fungicides. • Dry wheel traffic rows. • Can be automatic. • Foliage remains dry. • Lower operating pressure, lower energy costs.

26. Disadvantages: • Costly. Capital investment is for years & part is annual. • Tape/tubing leakages. • Plugging/clogging due to algae/chemicals. • Sun effect. • Regular cleaning. • Improper installation and use can cause waste of money, time & water. • Salts buildup in areas having less seasonal rainfall.

27. Sprinkler Irrigation System • Spray irrigation. • Overhead irrigation. • Set & continuous-move system. • Flexible system. • Application of fertilizer, pesticides & fungicides. • Application of waste water to crop.

28. History: • Earliest lawn sprinkler systems. • 1920’s. • WW II; light-weight steel and aluminum pipes.

29. Components: • Pump unit. • Main line & sub main lines. • Laterals. • Sprinklers.

32. Advantages: • Land leveling. • Irrigation intensity: infiltration capacity of soil. • Easy and uniform application of fertilizers, pesticides & fungicides. • Frost cool & Crop cooling. • No soil erosion. • Optimum water use according to crop requirement.

33. Disadvantages: • Higher initial cost. • Energy requirement. • Windy condition & high temperature effect. • Evaporation losses. • Surface crusting.

34. COMPARISON BETWEEN FLOW IRRIGATION & LOCALIZED IRRIGATION IN IRRIGATED PLANTAIONS

35. Knowledge of the system. • Skilled personals. • Adaptation. • Equipments & Instruments. • Leveling. • Earthwork. • Tolerance to obstructions.

36. Design flexibility. • Erosion Hazards. • Water requirements. • Water regulation. • Water source. • Re-usability. • Maintenance & Repairing.

37. Efficiency. • Burial Hazards. • Weeds. • Weeding operations. • Quality of work & man-power. • Fertilizers & Nutrients. • Expenditures & Efficiency.

38. Drip Irrigation Experiment In PFIDuration: 7 months (1972)

39. Thank You