Algeria

1. Algeria Devin Krystal Luke

2. French Rule • In the 1500’s, Algeria was a powerful country that controlled the Mediterranean Sea. • They were made a French colony in 1834. • Under French Rule, Algerians were given the lowest form of labor and were not allowed government representation. • Only French citizens could work in skilled jobs with high pay. • Struggles for independence began and the French created a parliamentary assembly made of half European and Algerian delegates in attempt to uphold French colonial rule. • The assembly failed and more struggles for independence continued.

3. Algerian Independence • French Occupation: 1830-1962 • November 1, 1954 FLN begins attacks on government installations • FLN uses guerilla attacks to combat French • French launch genocide against Algerian villages • War of Independence: 1954-1962 • Ahmed Ben Bella is elected first president of Algeria in 1962 • Constitution was completed in 1963

4. Post-Independence • Unemployment problems because of lack of established industries (like factories) • Land and education reforms • Return to islam by government • Political power struggles continue • Debates over separation of church and state • Economy is based on exporting raw-materials ie: oil, and agricultural products like: wheat, barley, grapes and olives

5. Ahmed Ben Bella • An ex-sergeant of the French army, deported to Egypt for his Republican beliefs • Joined 8 other Algerian exiles and formed the National Liberation Front (NLF) in 1954 • In 1954, he waged a guerilla war against the French government and attacked government buildings and military and police posts. • In 1962, he was elected the first president of Algeria • Declared Algeria a Arab-Islamic state and installed the FLN as a single-party political system

6. Pan-Africa • Pan-africanism: the belief of a greater nation consisting of all of Africa. This would establish free trade within all of Africa and would also establish majority rule. • We the delegation of Algeria do not support Pan-Africanism because we are still ruled by the white minority and they still don’t want to relinquish power to a higher, black authority

7. Bibliography • http://www.marxist.org/history/algeria/ • http://www.arab.net/algeria/aa_independence.htm • http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter6.shtml • http://www.answers.com/topic/algeria • http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook

8. Cameroon By David Dominique Daniella

9. Francophone and Anglophone • Mostly Francophone, partly Anglophone • After World War I, the League of Nations gave the French a mandate over 80% of Cameroon and 20% to the British near Nigeria • French Cameroons and the British Cameroons were created • 1961- the Federal Republic of Cameroon was created, unifying southern British Cameroons with the Republic of Cameroon(French)

10. H.E. Amado Ahidjo • Amadu Ahidjo is the leading independence leader and first president of an independent Cameroon • He was first prime minister of the new self-government of French Cameroons in 1958 • French Cameroons gains independence with Ahidjo as president of the new Republic of Cameroon in 1960 • He led the National Cameroonian Union, the leading political party of Cameroon in 1966 of the Federal Republic of Cameroon • In 1972 he created the United Republic of Cameroon under a unitary government

11. Independence • 1955 - Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) begin an armed struggle for independence and union with British Cameroon • Independence for French Cameroon was denied by France until 1960 because France wanted a union with all its colonies called the French Union • 1960 - French Cameroon receives its independence • 1961 - British Cameroon joins French Cameroon after the UN holds a plebiscite

12. Post-Independence Cameroon • 1972- Cameroon became a one-party state with Ahidjo as president and the CNU controlling the government. • 1982- Paul Biya established authoritarian rule, generating opposition and calls for democratic reform • 1990- Biya ended one-party rule following a nationwide strike • 1992- Cameroon’s first democratic elections were held and Biya was reelected • 1990’s- economic problems and accusations of corruption

13. Position on Pan-Africanism • The continent of Africa needs to be united to eliminate the legacy of colonialism in our land and to develop as a whole • Share resources to end fighting over areas rich in resources • End lasting border disputes that started when the European colonial powers divided up the continent • We are an example: • the British Cameroon has been divided and redivided between Nigeria and Cameroon, leading to fighting • Competition with Nigeria to control the oil-rich Bakassi peninsula has led to more fighting

14. Sources http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1021488.stm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107382.html http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm http://www.southerncameroons.info/map.htm http://www.ambaFrance-cm.org/lmth/camero/histoir/camr1p.htm http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad39

15. Ethiopia: Through The Ages Ethiopia: Through The Ages By Adam Miller and Robert Saunders

16. Ethiopia: Important Dates and People1896-1950 1896-Modern Ethiopia emerged under Menelik II 1941- British remove Italians from Ethiopia, Selassie returns to Addis Ababa. Ethiopia placed under British control 1930-Empress dies, cousin Tafari Makonnen crowned emperor Haile Selassie I. 1896 1950 1917- Menelik’s death brings daughter to throne 1931-Ethiopian Constitution created 1935- Selassie exiled by Italy 1944-Ethiopia regains independence in Anglo- Ethiopian Treaty, making Ethiopia one of 2 independent black nations.

17. 1952- U.N. establishes Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea, Ethiopia never accepted Eritrean independence Ethiopia: Important Dates and People1950- 1965 1955- Eritrean political parties dissolved 1960-Coup d’etat failed 1950 1965 1956- Selassie cut ties from Patriarch of Alexandria, claimed right to appoint members of the church 1962- Eritrean parliament eliminated 1955- Selassie created new constitution without consulting Parliament

18. 1977-USSR changes African policy providing Ethiopia with financial and military support, realizing Ethiopia was more populous then Eritrea and Somalia Ethiopia: Important Dates and People1966- 1980 1974- Selassie forced into exile by military coup d’etat 1966 1980 1976-Politically discontent group in province of Tigray take up weapons against Addis Ababa regime 1973- Thousands die of famine in parts of country as result of oil crisis and closure of Suez Canal 1977- Mengistu Haile Miriam gains control of military junta known as Derg after internal disputes known as “Red Terror”

19. 1981-Ethiopian army regains control of Eritrea with newly acquired supplies from USSR Ethiopia: Important Dates and People1981- Present 1985- Villagization put into effect, concentrating people in large settlements to reduce effects of famine 1991- Ethiopian people revolt,Democratic party takes control or Eritrea 1981 Present 1984- Severe famine strikes Ethiopia again, thousands dying a week 1989- Soviet Union falls apart, leaving Ethiopia without aid, leaving the government powerless 1998- Dispute between Ethiopia and Eritrea arises over borders 1981-Mengistu rule found to be as oppressive as Selassie 2000- Border dispute turns into war

20. Haile Selassie I(Tafari Makonnon) ● Born Tafari Makonnen , July 23, 1892 ●At age 13 became the Dejazmach, “commander or general of the gates”, in Ethiopia ●1907, Tafari appointed governor over part of the province of Sidamo. ●Tafari becomes Regent, making him the actual ruler of the Ethiopian Empire. ●Tafari Makonnen made governor of Harar, April 11, 1911 due to a poorly executed previous ruler

21. Haile Selassie (cont.) ●Regent Tafari developed the idea of careful modernization, secured Ethiopia's admission to the League of Nations in 1923, and abolished slavery in 1924 ●Tafari crowned as emperor by Empress Zewditu in 1928; this was the first time in Ethiopian history that two emperors/empresses ruled in the same region in the same time  ●After Zewditu's sudden death in 1930, Makonnen proclaimed Emperor and King of Kings in Ethiopia. He was crowned on November 2nd. Crowned Haile Selassie because Haile Selassie was the baptismal name given to him at his christening as a baby.  ●Selassie made Ethiopia's first written constitution on July 16, 1931, made an appointed bicameral legislature. This was the first time a non-noble subject could have a role in government

22. Haile Selassie (cont.) ●The League of Nations failed to stop Italy from invading Ethiopia in 1935, so Selassie was exiled for five years  ●Selassie returned to Ethiopia in 1941 after Italy was defeated by Ethiopia and the United Kingdom, after this Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations  ●1955, Selassie introduced revised constitution, retained effective power, while extending political participation to the people by allowing the lower house of to become an elected body.  ●In 1963 Selassie headed the establishment of the Organization of African Unity with the new organization setting up its headquarters in Ethiopia’s capital, Addis Ababa. ●In 1975, Haile Selassie I died

23. "Ethiopia." World History At KMLA. 15 Feb. 2006 <http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/ethiopia194474.html>. "Ethiopia." Introduction to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 15 Feb. 2006 <http://macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/intro.html>. "Ethiopia." A Country Study Of: Ethiopia. 15 Feb. 2006 <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ettoc.html>. "Ethiopia." Mengistu. 15 Feb. 2006 <www.lemonde.fr>. "Ethiopia." Haile Selassie I. 15 Feb. 2006 <www.time.com>. Bibliography

24. GHANA GHANA GHANA By: Andrew Alex Rebecca

25. Under British rule, Ghana was known as the Gold Coast. • Economic development also led to political development • Government power shifted to the Ghanaians from the British governor and his officials. Colonial Background • Ghana gained independence on March 6, 1957

26. Political Development • The Constitution of 1925 created provincial councils of chiefs. • In the 1930’s, six African newspapers provoked discontent about a lack of adequate representation. • In 1943, two “unofficial members” were added to the council, and in 1946, representatives from a previously unincluded region, Asante, were added. • After rioting about issues such as the political domination of foreigners and shortages of housing in early 1948, government power was put into African hands.

27. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah • He was appointed general of the United Gold Coast Convention in 1948. • Dr. Kwame Nkrumah revolutionized presidential elections in Ghana. • Nkrumah was the pan-africanist leader of Ghana. • Kwame Nkrumah was elected President of Ghana on April 8, 1950. • On March 5, 1952 Kwame Nkrumah was named Prime Minister of Ghana.

28. More About Kwame Nkrumah Nkrumah campaigned throughout the country and set up summits to spread Pan-African ideas Ghana contributed $5 million to the African Fund Nkrumah pursued a radical policy for Pan-Africanism President Nkrumah was the leading supporter of Pan-Africanism

29. Post-Independence Ghana • In 1960, Ghana became a republic with Nkruma as president. • On February 24, 1966, Nkrumah is overthrown by the military. • In 1979, the Provisional National Defense Counsel (PNDC) comes into power. • In 1984, PNDC creates the National Commission of Democracy. • In 1993, a fourth party, the National Democracy Congress, is formed. • John Kufuor is now the president of Ghana.

30. Bibliography http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/exploreafricapics/africapromaps/ghana.jpg http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/november97.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1961nkrumah.html http://www.africawithin.com/nkrumah/nkrumah.htm http://www.tlcafrica.com/john_kufuor.JPG http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/images/ghana.gif

31. Kenya By: Davis Matt Joseph

32. Hurdles toIndependence 1930’s - • Kenyans had almost no claim to land • Had to work on itinerant farms • Hut tax introduced by the British 1950’s - • Mau Mau (Kenyan rebel group) began attacks • Supporters sent to detention camps • Had to fight against both the British and Africans (King’s African Rifles) Similarities towards other African Nations • Dependency on European goods • Treated as inferior • Had no history of self governing

33. JomoKenyattaleader of Kenya 1945- • Organized 5th Pan African Congress (PAC) 1947 - • Becomes president of Kenya African Union (KAU) 1948 - 1951 • Gave lectures around the country condemning idleness, robbery and urged hard work April 8, 1953 - Sentenced to 7 years in prison for managing Mau Mau 1960’s - • Elected Kanu president while still in jail • Forms a “self-government” • Helped to convince white settlers to work for a free Kenya and to “forgive and forget”

34. Post-Independence History • Post independence history marked by stable yet dictatorial rule • Kenya gained independence in December of 1963 • Due to the stability in Kenya, it has been able to play an active role in keeping peace in neighboring countries • Jomo Kenyatta became the first president in 1963 • From the beginning of its independence, Kenya’s only political party, KANU crushed all attempts at opposition • In 1982, the national Assembly made Kenya a one-party state • Revolts and tension forced the one-party system to be repealed in 1991 • Squabbling between young opposition parties diminished their initial success • In 2002, several powerful opposition groups joined together into NARC • Its candidate, Mwai Kibaki became the first non-KANU president • Though his rule has been less dictatorial than that of the KANU presidents, the power of the president is still considered to be too large

35. Legacy of Imperialism • Kenya fought against Somalia and Uganda because under British rule, the three countries had been ruled together and borders had been unclear Kenyan farmers protested the unfair land leases they were forced to accept under British rule Kenya’s economy remains focused around raw material exportation Because British had crushed all opposition groups during their rule, after independence the government easily became dictatorial Ethnic tensions are a result of the grouping of a myriad of ethnicities

36. Position onPan-Africanism • Pan-Africanism is a movement to unite all of Africans and the desendents of africans under one politcal and economic entity • Kenya has an interest in the success of the Pan-African movement Reasonwhy • Kenya has an economy based on agriculture and needs • of import a lot of goods

37. Bibliography • Bowen, Rich. "Mzee Jomo Kenyatta." RCBowen Kenya Page. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://kenya.rcbowen.com/government/kenyatta.html>. • "Case Study: Kenya." The Story of Africa. BBC News. 8 Feb. 2006 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter8.shtml>. "Kenya." Answers.com. 2003. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.answers.com/Kenya>. • "Jomo Kenyatta." MSN Encarta. 2005. 14 Feb. 2006 <http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552618/Kenyatta_Jomo.html>. • "Kenya." MSN Encarta. 2005. 14 Feb. 2006 <http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564507/Kenya.html>. • "Kenya." U.S. Department of State. 8 Feb. 2006 <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2962.htm>. • "Kenya." Wikipedia.com. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.wikipedia.com>. • “Somalia.” Answers.com. 2003. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.answers.com/Somalia>. • ”Uganda." Answers.com. 2003. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.answers.com/Uganda>.

38. Nigeria and Pan-Africanism By: Chris Sarah Daniel

39. Nigeria: A British Sphere Of Influence 1885 - Great Britian declares Nigeria its Sphere of Influence 1900 - Royal Niger Company goes under British government control -Britain consolidates control to present-day Nigeria 1914 - Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria -divided into NORTH, SOUTH, and LAGOS regions Post-WWII - increase in Nigerian nationalism October 1960 - Nigerian independence under a federal government -divided into NORTH, EAST, and WEST regions

40. Nnamdi Azikiwe • Born in Nigeria in 1904 • Attended college in the United States • Was inspired by the works of W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey • Founded NCNC in 1944 • Became governor in general of Nigeria in 1963 • Was elected president of Nigeria in 1966 • Founded Nigerian peoples party in 1979

41. Important Nigerian Political Leaders Emeka Ojukuwu (1967-1970) - declares “Republic of Biafra” in Eastern Nigeria Alhaji Shenu Shagari (1979-1983) - part of the National Party Of Nigeria, won his position in an election, later he was overthrown because his elections were rigged Muhammadu Buhari (1983-1985) - tried to reform the government and economy but could not handle the responsibility Ibrahim Babangida (1985-1993) - reformed the government and economy, wanted civilian participation in the government

42. Nigeria After Independence (post 1963) • New constitution made. • 1966- for the first time of many, army officers overthrow the current government. • The leaders divided Nigeria into more and more separate states. • 1977- a new constitution was drafted that ended military rule. • 1983- Military leaders take control of the state again. • Similar to situation in Latin America with the Creole leaders after countries gained independence.

43. Nigeria Post Independence (Cont.) • Finally during 90’s attempts at democratic elections made. • The current corrupt government tried to prevent these election. • Sanctions by other countries and pressure by citizens forced the government to allow elections. • In late 90’s, Nigeria finally became a democracy ruled by people. • Nigeria is still in major debt though, their economy is 98% oil based. • Agriculture suffered because of lack of irrigation and mismanagement. • Current debt is 32 billion dollars.

44. Pan African Support • We support Pan-Africanism! • Pan-Africanism will help our struggling economy. • Pan-Africanism will also help create stability in our government, and help us create a stronger government. • It will unify our many ethnic groups.

45. Works Cited http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/20.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t043/T043490A.jsm http://www.nigeriavillagesquare1.com/Articles/mobolaji_aluko/zik.jpg http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/november98.html http://countrystudies.us/ http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/ http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AboutAU/FOUNDERS/oau_Founders.htm

46. The Sudan By Austin, Jeff, and Brennan

47. The Sudan is located in North Eastern Africa

48. General Information • Sudan is an English-speaking, or “anglophone”, country. • The ruling style which the Sudanese people faced was that of the British, in which they were treated as inferiors and faced racism. • Britain was reluctant to support her colonies that were breaking free, because they did not want to lose their land. • Britain and Egypt shared Sudan as a condominium, a political territory over which two sovereign powers agree to share sovereignty without dividing it.

49. Legacy of Imperialism 1896- Anglo-Egyptian forces invade Sudan 1898- Battle of Omdurman: France and England almost fight over control of Sudan’s nile banks. 1899- England and Egypt become rulers of sudan 1899-1845- Military campaigns take place to reinforce Anglo-Egyptian rule 1953- Anglo-Egyptian rule ends and Sudan moves toward self-rule

50. Sudanese Independence Struggled to gain independence from both Egypt and Great Britain. Civil war broke out between the North and the South in 1955. Southern Sudan was forced by Britain to join Northern Sudan. Became independent in 1956.