Family planning and contraception 152413

1. Family planning and contraception152413 Prepared by Mrs. Raheegeh Awni

2. Chance of spontaneous conception • Conception is most likely to occur in the first month of trying (about a 30% conception rate). • The chance then falls steadily to about 5% by the end of the first year. Cumulative conception rates are around 75% after six months, 90% after a year, and 95% at two years. It is usually investigated after a year, Subfertility is defined as a failure to conceive after one year of unprotected regular sexual intercourse.

3. Factors affecting conception • age, • previous pregnancy, • duration of subfertility, • timing of intercourse during the natural cycle, • extremes of body mass, • and pathology present. A reasonably high spontaneous

4. Need for Contraception Pregnancy rates for sexually active fertile women who do not use contraception approach 90 percent at 1 year. Results of a study by Metcalf (1979) indicate that when menstruation remained regular, there was evidence of ovulation in almost every cycle ( williams obstetrics2005) 4 11/29/2014

5. Definition • Family planning is making a decision to have a certain number of children, and avoiding pregnancy when it is undesirable

6. Benefits of family planning • Effective family planning can reduce the risk of death in these women. • reduce the number of abortions performed. • ensure that the babies a family has are wanted and will be taken care • foster a sense of well-being and can reduce the stress of needing to provide for more children than planned.

7. Family planning enables sexually active couples to prepare for their pregnancies, in order to optimize both fetal and maternal outcomes. • Unplanned pregnancies constitute major public health problems.

8. Family planning is divided into three categories: (1) contraception (prevention of fertilization), (2) interception (prevention of implantation), (3) abortion (interruption of an established pregnancy). 8 11/29/2014

9. CONTRACEPTION The decision to use a method of contraception may be made individually by a woman (or, in the case of vasectomy, by a man) or jointly by a couple. Causes to avoid pregnancy, to gain control over the number of children to determine the spacing of future children. 9

10. Decisions about contraception should be made voluntarily, with full knowledge of available choices, advantages, disadvantages, effectiveness, side effects, contraindications, and long-term effects 10 11/29/2014

11. factors influence contraceptive choice cultural practices, religious beliefs, attitudes personal preferences, cost, effectiveness, misinformation, practicality of method, and self-esteem. 11 11/29/2014

12. Contraceptive Methods Oral steroidal contraceptives Injected steroidal contraceptives Intrauterine devices (IUDs) Transdermal and transvaginal steroidal contraceptives Physical, chemical, or barrier techniques Preejaculatory withdrawal Sexual abstinence around the time of ovulation Breast feeding 9. Permanent sterilization 12 11/29/2014

13. FERTILITY AWARENESS METHODS 13 11/29/2014

14. FERTILITY AWARENESS METHODS Fertility awareness methods, also known as natural family planning, are based on an understanding of the changes that occur throughout a woman’s ovulatory cycle. All these methods require periods of abstinence and recording of certain events throughout the cycle cooperation of the partners is important. 14 11/29/2014

15. ADVANTAGES Fertility awareness methods are free, safe, and acceptable No artificial substances or devices, encourage a couple Useful in helping a couple plan a pregnancy. 15 11/29/2014

16. DISADVANTAGES • require extensive initial counseling to be used effectively. • They may interfere with sexual spontaneity • they require extensive maintenance of records for several cycles before beginning • difficult or impossible for women with irregular cycles • NOT clinically reliable

17. The basal body temperature (BBT) a woman take her BBT every morning upon awakening (before any activity) and record the readings on a temperature graph. After 3 to 4 months of recording temperatures, a woman with regular cycles should be able to predict when ovulation will occur. 17 11/29/2014

18. The method is based on the fact that the temperature sometimes drops just before ovulation and almost always rises and remains elevated for several days after. The temperature rise occurs in response to the increased progesterone levels that occur in the second half of the cycle. 18 11/29/2014

19. To avoid conception the couple abstains from intercourse on the day of the temperature rise and for 3 days after. • Because the temperature rise does not occur until after ovulation, a woman who had intercourse just before the rise is at risk of pregnancy. • To decrease this risk, some couples abstain from intercourse for several days before the anticipated time of ovulation and then for 3 days after.

20. The calendar, or rhythm, method is based on the assumptions that ovulation tends to occur 14 days (plus or minus 2 days) before the start of the next menstrual period, sperm are viable for 48 to 72 hours, and the ovum is viable for 24 hours. To use this method, the woman must record her menstrual cycles for 6 to 8 months to identify the shortest nd longest cycles. The first day of menstruation is the first day of the cycle. 20 11/29/2014

21. The fertile phase is calculated from 18 days before the end of the shortest recorded cycle through 11 days from the end of the longest recorded cycle. • For example, if a woman’s cycle lasts from 24 to 28 days, the fertile phase would be calculated as day 6 through day 17. • Once this information is obtained, the woman can identify the fertile and infertile phases of her cycle. • For effective use of this method, she must abstain from intercourse during the fertile phase. • The calendar method is the least reliable of the fertility awareness methods and has largely been replaced by other, more scientific approaches.

22. The cervical mucus method called the ovulation method or the Billings method, involves the assessment of cervical mucus changes that occur during the menstrual cycle. The amount and character of cervical mucus change because of the influence of estrogen and progesterone. At the time of ovulation, the mucus (estrogen-dominant mucus) is clearer, more stretchable (a quality called spinnbarkeit), and more permeable to sperm. During the luteal phase, the cervical mucus is thick and sticky (progesterone-dominant mucus) and forms a network that traps sperm, making their passage more difficult. 22 11/29/2014

23. To use the cervical mucus method , the woman abstains from intercourse for the first menstrual cycle. Each day she assesses her cervical mucus for amount, feeling of slipperiness or wetness, color, clearness, and spinnbarkeit, as she becomes familiar with varying characteristics. The peak day of wetness and clear, stretchable mucus is assumed to be the time of ovulation. To use this method correctly, the woman should abstain from intercourse from the time she first notices that the mucus is becoming clear, more elastic, and slippery until 4 days after the last wet mucus (ovulation) day. Because this method evaluates the effects of hormonal changes, it can be used by women with irregular cycles. 23 11/29/2014

24. The symptothermal method consists of various assessments made and recorded by the couple. These include information regarding cycle days, coitus, cervical mucus changes, and secondary signs such as increased libido, abdominal bloating, mittelschmerz (midcycle abdominal pain), and BBT. 24 11/29/2014

25. SITUATIONAL CONTRACEPTIVES Abstinence can be considered a method of contraception, and, partly because of changing values and the increased risk of infection with intercourse, it is gaining increased acceptance. 25 11/29/2014

26. Coitus interruptus, orwithdrawal, is one of the oldest and least reliable methods of contraception. This method requires that the male withdraw fromthe female’s vagina when he feels that ejaculation is impending. He then ejaculates away from the external genitalia of the woman. 26 11/29/2014

27. Failure Reasons • (1) this method demands great self-control on the part of the man, • (2) some pre-ejaculatory fluid, which can contain sperm, may escape from the penis during the excitement phase prior to ejaculation. • The fact that the quantity of sperm in this pre-ejaculatory fluid is increased after a recent ejaculation

28. Couples who use this method should be aware of postcoital contraceptive options in case the man fails to withdraw in time. Douching after intercourse is an ineffective method of contraception and is not recommended. It may actually facilitate conception by pushing sperm farther up the birth canal. 28 11/29/2014

29. Thank you