“The more Indians we can kill this year, the less will have to be killed the next war.”

1. “The more Indians we can kill this year, the less will have to be killed the next war.” -General William Tecumseh Sherman

2. Native Americans Policy toward Native Americans changed over time # the 5 policy changes 1 - 5 Removal – Indian Removal Act, 1830, Pres. Jackson -move the 5 “civilized” nations to Oklahoma so white settlers could have the good land -”Trail of Tears” Reservations – 1850’s (p. 438) -white settlers wanted western lands -break up power of Plains Indians & open up their land for settlement

3. Assimilation (p. 442) -becoming similar to the people around you -reformers believed they would be better off if they abandoned their culture and adopted the culture of white America -established the Bureau of Indian Affairs forced kids to go to school -boys had to cut their hair -wear American clothing vs skins & blankets -speak English -no face paint -discouraged from practicing their own culture

4. “They made us many promises, more than I can remember, but they never kept but one. They promised to take our land, and they took it.” -Red Cloud

5. Dawes Act 1887 (p. 443) -broke up reservations & turned Native Americans into individual property owners -Not successful since the best land was sold off and the poor land given to the Native Americans

6. “What treaty that the whites have kept has the red man broken? Not one. What treaty that the white man ever made with us have they kept? Not one.” -Sitting Bull

7. Resistance Indian Wars • Sand Creek Massacre p. 440 – do yourself • “Long Walk” -Navajos from AZ, NM, UT and CO were forced to relocate to Fort Sumner at Bosque Redondo, NM -1st reservation west of OK -After 4+ years, they were allowed to return to their native lands along the NM-AZ border -Today, the Navajo Nation is the largest Native American community in the US

8. homework • finish the summaries about Native American resistance

9. Mountain Men • Sense of adventure; rugged individuals • Lived by hunting and fur trading • Provided information about the West for future settlement • link between whites and Native Americans Arizona Connection: Bill Williams – Williams, AZ Pauline Weaver – Weaver’s Needle in the Superstitions

10. Mormons • Church founded in 1830 in NY by Joseph Smith • Persecuted by religious and political groups • Smith & followers moved to OH and then IL • Began “trek” to West in 1846 led by Brigham Young • Arrived in Salt Lake valley in 1847 – it was Mexican territory at the time Arizona Connection: Mesa established in 1877 as a Mormon settlement

11. Miners • California Gold Rush – 1849 • Other Gold Rushes followed • Silver and copper also discovered • Note: the miners moved west to east Arizona Connection: Tombstone, Bisbee, Globe, Jerome and other towns began as mining settlements

12. Railroads • America’s first BIG business • Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1869 at Promontory Point Summit, Utah • 1870-1890 saw huge growth in railroads • Immigrants provided labor force • Federal government gave companies land for each mile of track laid And in Exchange… • Railroads had to agree to transport mail and soldiers at reduced rates

13. Effects of railroad construction • Provided more rapid transportation across the country • Transportation encouraged people to move onto the Great Plains • Construction provided jobs for immigrants, especially Chinese and Irish • Provided transportation for Texas cattle being sold to cities in the East • Destruction of buffalo* (food for railroad workers, hunting parties) • Loss of buffalo severely hurt the Native Americans (the buffalo was the Native Americans’ Super Wal-Mart) *Buffalo is a misnomer: should be BISON

14. Construction made possible by: • Favorable terrain (except for those mountains) • Land grants from the Federal Govt • Large number of immigrants looking for work (especially Chinese, Irish and other Europeans)

15. Transcontinental Railroad Central Pacific California Chinese Workers Union Pacific Irish Workers

16. Ranchers • Demand for beef skyrocketed after Civil War • Texas provided grassland good for ranching (Texas Longhorns) • Problem was getting cattle to market • Problem solved when railroads reached Kansas • “Long Drive” – huge herds moved from Texas to Kansas along cattle trails: Goodnight – Loving, Chisholm, and other trails “Myth of the cowboy” – independent, rugged life glamorized and became the subject of many films and TV shows (Western) End of the Long Drive caused by: • Drought and blizzards, 1883-1887 • Barbed Wire invented by Joseph Glidden • Railroad extended into Texas

17. Farmers (a.k.a.Homesteaders) Homestead Act of 1862 • 160 acres of land for free (small filing fee) • If a settler would: • Line on the land for 5 years and cultivate the land • Improve the land • Build a house (12’x14’), with a window and door Effect of the Homestead Act… By 1900, 400,000 homesteaders had acquired farms Exodusters – African American farmers who moved west in hope of gaining free land

18. Problems faced by settlers on the plains: • 100th Meridian divides “wet” from “dry” • Difficult climate: Hot, dry summers; cold, severe winters; sudden, severe storms (hail, tornado) • Few trees • Houses and fences difficult to build – sod for houses and wire for fences • Fuel – burned “buffalo chips” for heating and cooking • Root-filled soil • Few streams for transportation/ irrigation Other problems Extremely hard work Loneliness Insects Getting crops to markets in Eastern cities Many farmers did not succeed in homesteading

19. New technology helped farmers • Windmill • Steel plow (John Deere) • Barbed wire (Joseph Glidden • Reaping machine (Cyrus McCormick) • Railroads

20. Problem Solution

21. Marilla R. Washburn Bailey From an interview with her at age 87 “I was married at 15, and was not a good cook and housekeeper, but I knew how to take care of babies, from having cared for my brothers and sisters. I had ten babies of my own and never had any help…I could paddle my own canoe or handle a rowboat as well as an Indian…When my husband was away, I could hunt for the meat on which we lived, for I could handle a revolver or rifle as well as most men. I have shot bears, deer, and all sorts of smaller game. In fact, I became so expert with a revolver that at 50 or 100 feet I could beat most men.”

22. Mary Richardson Walker • Missionary wife who moved in the 1830s to a farm near Spokane, Washington Her work day averaged 16 hours. She was responsible for washing, ironing, sewing [she made all the family’s clothes, including shoes], baking, making, soap and cheese, churning butter, dipping candles, weaving carpets, and salting and smoking meats.

23. From her journal… “Rose about five. Had early breakfast. Got my house work done about nine. Baked 6 loaves of bread. Made a kettle of mush and have now suet pudding and beef boiling…I have managed to put my clothes away and set my house in order. may the merciful be with me through the unexpected scene. Nine o’clock p.m. was delivered of another son.”