The History & Culture of the Lumbee Tribe

1. The History & Culture of the Lumbee Tribe American Indian Studies UNIT 5

2. Dr. Adolph Dial was a professor at UNCP for 30 years in the American Indian Studies department. He was a businessman, a North Carolina state senator and a spokesperson for full federal recognition of the Lumbees. He died in December of 1995. Dr. David K. Eliades was a professor at UNCP for 34 years in the History department. The Only Land I Knowby Adolph Dial & David Eliades Dr. Adolph Dial was a professor at UNCP for 30 years in the American Indian Studies department. He was a businessman, a North Carolina state senator and a spokesperson for full federal recognition of the Lumbees. He died in December of 1995.

3. Introduction & Chapter 1 Write the question and the answer! • When was this book first published? • Why has it been difficult to write an accurate history of the Lumbee? • How do the authors answer the question “who are the Lumbee Indians?” in the introduction? • Look at the map at the beginning of Chapter 1. Why were swamps important to Robeson County? Name a swamp near your home. • Describe the people the Scots encountered living along the Lumbee River in the early 1730s. NEXT

4. Introduction & Chapter 1 • What did John White think happened to his colony? • What does Rev. Morgan Jones report in 1660? • What did Hamilton McMillan do in 1888? Who was McMillan? • What does Stephen Weeks say about the Lumbee language? • Why was Special Indian Agent O.M. McPherson sent to Robeson County? What did he find in his investigation? • Describe the type of English Lumbees historically spoke. NEXT

5. Introduction & Chapter 1 • Why would the Hatteras Indians have moved to Robeson County? • What were the Lumbees named in 1913? Why? • Describe the Eastern Sioux (lifestyles, tribes, when the lived in the Carolinas, etc.). • Why did the Indians of Robeson County want their own name? • What name did John Swanson of the Smithsonian Institution think the Lumbees should have? Why? • In 1935 Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs, William Zimmermann, wrote Joseph Brooks explaining to him the definition of “Indians” according to the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. How did Carol Selezer attempt to determine the “Indianness” of the Robeson County Indians? What were the results of his findings? What do you think about how the government tried to explain the “Indianness” of the Lumbee. NEXT

6. Introduction & Chapter 1 • Why do some Lumbees identify themselves as Tuscarora? (List 3 reasons) • How do we know that the Tuscaroras are not the only “true” Indians in the Robeson County area? • The authors state that the Lumbees have “no visible Indian culture such as dances, or a native language.” What are some of the American Indian characteristics of the Lumbee? STOP

7. STARTER: Thursday, May 1 Read “Where Did Lumbees Come From?” and answer the questions below: • What is wrong with the “Indians-moved-in-and-settled” theory? • How do we know that late Woodland peoples lived along the Lumbee River? • Where does the word “Lumbee” come from?

8. STARTER: Tuesday, May 5 Read “Indians Spoke Diverse Languages?” and answer the questions below: • Name the three principal language families present among Native Americans in North Carolina before Columbus. • How many languages can we predict existed in NC? • Explain three reasons why the native languages of eastern NC disappeared so quickly.

9. STARTER: Wednesday, May 6 Read “The Land of the Lumbee Was a Cultural Crossroads” and answer the question below: Why would different Native American tribes have come to the Lumbee River/Robeson County?

10. STARTER: Friday, December 14 Create a definition of the following words using your answers to the questions from the Introduction & Chapter 1 of The Only Land I Know: • The Lost Colony • Hamilton McMillan • Croatan

11. Lumbee Flashcards • In groups of 3, create a definition of the following words using your answers to the questions from the Introduction & Chapter 1 of The Only Land I Know: • Transfer your definition onto the flashcards. • Everyone in the group must agree on the definition • The Lost Colony • Hamilton McMillan • Croatan • Lumbee (Lumber) River • Eastern Siouan • Scots • Cherokee Indians of Robeson County • Cheraw Starter: Finish these! * I added 2!

12. The Lumbee River • The river that runs through Robeson County • The Lumbees drew up the river for culture, food (fertile land & game), trade, protection, isolation • The Lumbee get their name from the river • Also known as “Drowning Creek”

13. Cherokee Indians of Rob Co • Name given to the tribe in 1913 • Belief that there were Cherokee roots in Rob Co.

14. Cheraw • Eastern Siouan ancestors of the Lumbee • Most prominent Siouan people of the region

15. Hamilton McMillan • Historian & legislator who is responsible for getting the Lumbees recognized as “Croatans” by the state of NC • Helped start the all-Croatan schools in Robeson Co. (1st started the Croatan Indian Normal School- UNCP) • Wrote a pamphlet supporting the “Lost Colony” theory

16. Croatan • The place where Manteo was born • Perhaps where the “Lost Colony” moved to • The first name given to the Lumbees by the state of NC • Created by Hamilton McMillan (Croatoan=Croatan)

17. Scots • 1st European immigrants who wrote about the English speaking Indians in Rob. Co. in 1700s. • Settled in Cape Fear Valley region • They found the ancestors of the Lumbees (European arts, homes, farming)

18. Eastern Siouan • Self sustaining people who lived by the river, hunting, fishing, living a sedentary lifestyle • Cheraw, Santee, PeeDee, Waccamaw, Keyauwee, Winyah, Catawba

19. Lost Colony • English colony that settled on Roanoke Island • Led by John White • Believed to have settled with the Hatteras Indians • Today’s Lumbees (some believe) are descendents of the intermarriage between colonists & Indians

20. The Lost Colony • They came from England to settle in the east coast; Colony disappeared when John White left to go back to England for supplies • Thought to have intermarried with the Hatteras Indians of the Outer Banks • There is a theory that these are the ancestors of the Lumbees

21. Hamilton McMillan • He was one of the best friends of the Indians of Robeson County (today’s Lumbee); Red Spring; lawyer, historian, NC legislator • He invented the theory that the Lumbees were mixed with Hatteras & Lost Colony • Wrote a pamphlet convincing the NC government to recognize the Indians of Robeson County as a tribe called “Croatan”

22. Croatan • The name that Hamilton McMillan gave the Indians of Robeson County • The first name of the Indians of Robeson County given by the state of NC

23. STARTER: Wednesday, April 25 Create a definition of the following words using your answers to the questions from the Introduction & Chapter 1 of The Only Land I Know: • Lumbee (Lumber) River • Eastern Siouan • Scots

24. Chapter 2: “From Liberty to Repression” Write the question and the answer! • Describe Lumbee life in the mid-17th century. • How did Lumbee life change in the 18th century? • When and why did the Lumbee begin owning private property? • Describe the Indian-white relationship during the colonial period. • Why did the agent writing about the Lumbees in The Colonial Records of North Carolina (1754) refer to them as a “mixt crew”? • What side of the Revolutionary War did most Lumbees fight on? STOP

25. Review of Chapters 1 & 2

26. EarlyLumbee History

27. There are many theories regarding the origins of the Lumbee Indians of NC Lumbee Origins • When the Scots first arrived to the Cape Fear Valley region in the early 1730s, they found a group of English-speaking Indians living near the Lumbee River

28. According to the Scots, these Indians lived in simple houses and farmed and lived like Europeans. Lumbee Origins Where did these English-speaking Indians come from?

29. The Red Men’s Lodge of the early 1900's • The Lumbee have no Indian language that links them to an American Indian tribe • Oral traditions and folklore link them to the survivors of the Lost Colony and other Indian tribes. Lumbee Origins

30. Some historians theorize that the Lumbee are decedents of the intermarriage between survivors of the John White’s “Lost Colony” and the Hatteras Indians of the NC coast. The “Lost Colony” Theory John White’s Illustrations of the Hatteras Indians

31. Historians look to the following characteristics in linking the Lumbee to the “Lost Colony”: The “Lost Colony” Theory • Many common Lumbee names are the same names that appeared on the Lost Colony roll, such as Sampson, Brooks, Cooper, Sutton, Berry, Scott, and Harris (pg. 181) • Many Lumbees, up until the mid-1900s, spoke a pure Old-English, similar that that spoken by the members of the “Lost Colony.” • Many Lumbees have European physical characteristics

32. Some historians believe that the Lumbee are descendents of other American Indian tribes such as the Cherokee, the Tuscarora, and the Eastern Sioux (tribes such as the Cheraw, Winyah, Keyauwee, Santee, Pee Dee, and Waccamaw) Other Theories • It is likely that the Lumbee are descendents of peoples from many tribes of North Carolina, who moved to Robeson County to enjoy the isolation provided by the swamps of the Lumbee River.

33. Indians along the Lumbee River enjoyed a life of seclusion and self-sufficiency • The swamps gave the protection from enemies, plenty of fish and game, as well as fertile land to grow crops. The Lumbee River • The Indian remained in isolation throughout the 1600s. • This began to change in the 1700s with the coming of European settlers, who were looking to claim land

34. Europeans Come to Lumbee Land • In the 1700s, European settlers began to claim land along the Lumbee River • Because of Lumbees had many traits of European culture, relations with the settlers was very peaceful • Some Lumbees even fought on the side of the Patriots in the American Revolutionary War. • The Lumbees were accepted as free men in North Carolina until 1835… then the status of the Indians changed and a hero emerged

35. Chapters 1 & 2 Vocabulary Review

36. Eight Terms to Know • Lumbee (Lumber) River • Cheraw • Eastern Siouan • Croatan • Cherokee Indians of Robeson County • Lost Colony • Scots • Hamilton McMillan

37. Lumbee (Lumber) River • Name of the dark river of the 1800s that runs through Robeson County (and surrounding counties) • “Drowning Creek” • Provided protection and isolation to the Indians from white settlers • Lumbee Indians got their name from the river • Provided fertile land for the Indians

38. Cheraw • Most prominent Eastern Siouan tribe • John Swanson (Smithsonian) believed that this is the name the Lumbees should be called • Many believe today that the Lumbees are descendents of the Cheraw

39. Eastern Siouan • Language family/culture group with different tribes • Lived sedentary lives along rivers • Depended on agriculture; hunted and fished • Cheraw, Pee Dee, Waccamaw, Santee, Catawba, Keyauwee, Winyah= tribes of the Eastern Siouan • Believe that the Lumbees are a group of Eastern Siouan people

40. Croatan • First name the Lumbees were given by the state of NC; 1888 • Created by Hamilton McMillan • McMillan created the “Lost Colony” theory (Croatoan found on the tree= Croatan)

41. Cherokee Indians of Robeson County • Second name given to the Lumbees by the state of NC in 1913 • Why? There was evidence of Cherokees/Cherokee blood among the Indians

42. Lost Colony • Colony established by John White that disappeared • Some theorize that they intermarried with the Hatteras Indians…. Today, their descendents are Lumbees • Evidence: Spoke English (form of “Old English”), Lumbee last names, Scots found them living like whites

43. Scots • First whites to write about the Lumbees in the 1730s • Scottish settlers along the Cape Fear River area • Wrote that the Lumbees lived like whites (farming, arts), spoke English, lived in simple houses

44. Hamilton McMillan • White lawyer, historian, businessman NC state legislator from Red Springs (friend of the Indians) • Created the “Lost Colony” theory through his pamphlet • Helped the Lumbees become recognized by the state of NC as Croatans

45. Chapters 1 & 2 Vocabulary Review

46. Eight Terms to Know • Lumbee (Lumber) River • Cheraw • Eastern Siouan • Croatan • Cherokee Indians of Robeson County • Lost Colony • Scots • Hamilton McMillan

47. Lumbee (Lumber) River • Provided isolation to the Indians • “Dark water”; “Drowning Creek” • Lumbees got their name from the river; It describes their history • Provide food, self-sufficiency (food, land), land, protection • Runs through Robeson County (and surrounding counties)

48. Cheraw • The Lumbee Band of Cheraw Indians • The tribe that many believe the Lumbee belong to • Eastern Siouan tribe

49. Eastern Sioux (Siouan) • Settled in the Carolinas in the 16th century • Sedentary lives, hunting and fishing, agriculture, lived on banks of rivers • Language family/culture group with many tribes (Pee Dee, Santee, Cheraw, Waccamaw, Keyawee, Winyah, Catawba) • Believed to be the ancestors (language family) of the Lumbees

50. Croatan • A name created by Hamilton McMillan, who invented the “Lost Colony” theory (Croatoan found on the tree) • Given to the Lumbee by the state of NC in 1888 • First name given to the Lumbee