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Exercise Physiology and Exercise Testing. VO2 max capacity. and hemoglobin. of smokers and. Made by: Filipa Liliana Martins Miguel Nugas. non-smokers. Introduction.
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Exercise Physiology and Exercise Testing VO2 max capacity and hemoglobin of smokers and Made by: Filipa Liliana Martins Miguel Nugas non-smokers
Introduction Our well-being, due to blood flow, is linked, among other things, such as oxygen through the body and especially for our brain. The oxygen, is conducted trough all body parts by hemoglobin, which will get it when in the lungs.
Not all parts of the blood have this capability, only the red cells because they contain the hemoglobin, which has the property to combine with a molecule of oxygen. So when missing red blood cells, hemoglobin and also the person feels its effects. As the hemoglobin is linked to iron, that is why the examinations of blood, for example, can detect anemia, which is lack of iron in the body.
Sports Physical activity and healthy sports are essential to our health and welfare. Contribute to a healthy lifestyle, along with healthy eating, life without tobacco and avoid other dangerous substances to health. The practice of regular physical activity and sport improves you, physically, socially and mentally, men and women of all ages, including people with disabilities.
Sports VS Tabaco Cigarette smoking and sport do not mix, and nowadays it is very rare to find top athletes that smoke. Studies have shown that the prevalence of smoking is low among people who practice exercises. Carbon monoxide is present in large amounts of smoking and enters quickly into the blood, combining with the hemoglobin in red blood cells. Normally, hemoglobin carries oxygen to the muscles, into the cells of the body.
When there is presence of carbon monoxide in cigarette smoked, about 5% of hemoglobin is captured by more than five hours. This decreases the release of oxygen to the muscles during intense exercise, making efforts seem more difficult than normal (OGA, 1996). At rest, and to a lesser extent, during the year, the nicotine in cigarette smoked increases the heart rate and blood pressure, blood flow decreases the heart and increases the need for oxygen by the heart muscle. During the exercise, nicotine also increases the levels of lactate in the blood, substances that can make a person feel tired or giving up the pursuit when it reaches a high level. (OGA, 1996).
The hemoglobin of a smoker The molecules of oxygen in the alveoli "jump" to the blood and adhere to the hemoglobin, resulting in the oxy-hemoglobin. Often, as in tobacco smoke is a compound called carbon monoxide (CO). Hemoglobin have 200 times more affinity for CO than for oxygen. Result: in a smoker blood there is a significant quantity of carboxy-hemoglobin.
The process To be transported to the tissues, oxygen binds to hemoglobin, forming the oxy-hemoglobin. The smoke of the cigarette contains carbon monoxide, the hemoglobin has two hundred times more affinity with carbon monoxide than with oxygen,it forms the carboxy-hemoglobin, which isnot carrying oxygen. The carboxy-hemoglobin is usually in the blood levels of 0.4% to 0.6%, reaching to 15% in smokers. In studies with the aim of determining changes in the concentration of carbon monoxide, it was found that levels of this substance increases with the number of cigarettes smoked. It was also noted that there is a correlation in the concentrations of carbon monoxide and carboxy-hemoglobin.
Figure 1. Value of Hemoglobin (g / dL) and the number of cigarettes per day
The smoke of the cigarette increases the carbon monoxide content in circulation. As a result, increases the level of carboxy-hemoglobin, and there´s a negative reflection on the amount of oxygen in the blood.
The study A Physical Education student of a Brazilian university conducted a study: - volunteers with nonsmoking (assets) and smokers (active and inactive), which were intended to run the maximum possible meters in 12 minutes (Cooper Test). Next, we will present the results in relation to VO2 max, distance traveled, initial heart rate and blood pressure and final start and end.
Maximum VO2: The figures were achieved statistically from the group of non-smokers and the lowest values from the group of sedentary smokers after 2h and sedentary smokers after 6h. In this sense it emphasizes the benefits of regular physical activity as the benefits for the VO2 max. Figure 2. Maximum VO2 values
Distance traveled: Individuals who were not active smokers covered the longest distance (2450m), perhaps the smoke could harm the implementation of physical activity. Figure 3. distance traveled values
Initial heart frequency: The best values were observed in non-smokers, due to the good level of physical conditioning. In the sedentary smokers (up to 2 hours after the last cigarette), there was a significant higher values compared with other groups, the nicotine and the other chemicals raise the heart rate. Figure 4. Initial cardiac frequency values
Final heart frequency:Despite the frequency heart are similar, the active non-smoker can maintain a high and constant pace, reaching the 12 minutes keeping the same pace, unlike the sedentary that smokes after 3 to 4 minutes of activity were already into muscle fatigue, and reduced the pace as wel as the activity intensity. Figure 5. final cardiac frequency values
Initial Blood Pressure:Non-smokers have lower values for both systolic and diastolic pressure. Sedentary smokers have a higher performing in the activity (until 2 hours after the last cigarette). The group of active smokers (after 12h) have lower values of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, getting too close to the group of non-smokers,this shows the influence of exercise on blood pressure. Figure 6. Initial arterial pressure values
Final Blood Pressure : The lowest rates were registered for the group of active smokers (until 2h the last cigarette), a possible explanation to this effect would be a lesser pace and intensity of physical activity, emphasizing that the level of conditioning of these individuals can also be a factor in this change. Figure 7. Final arterial pressure values
AbstractThe prevalence of smoking is low among people who exercise. At rest, and to a lesser extent, during the year, the nicotine in cigarette smoke increases the heart rate and blood pressure, decreases the heart and increases blood flow and oxygen demand by heart muscle. In the exercise, nicotine also increases the levels of lactate in the blood, but there is no conclusive evidence that exercise helps people to stop the habit of smoking, most programs include disruption of the exercise as a vital component. The study was able to verify that for smokers there is a relation between the time when the last cigarette was smoked and the exercise. It was also noted that the ability of VO2 max is lower than in non-smoker.
Conclusion A sportsman smoker shows higher levels of hemoglobin than the sportsman who does not smoke, metabolism of smokers need to produce more red blood cells, due to fixation of CO (carbon monoxide) resulting from tobacco smoke, be 200 times more that the fixation of the O2 (oxygen). For the O2 to get under normal conditions to all the body cells , the smokers metabolism will produce higher levels of hemoglobin.
Oddities:The blood of a smoker, is thicker than the blood of a non-smoker. This can be harmful to the blood flow of such individuals. It is easier for a smoker to have heart and blood circulation problems and diseases.
