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AGENDA

AGENDA. Written Assignment Review Current news and class assignment (extra Credit) Chapter “The Crime Picture”. WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS REVIEW. ERRORS. rEVIEW. TITLE PAGE No Headers No page numbers Improper information on title page, i.e. Last name on header

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AGENDA

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  1. AGENDA • Written Assignment Review • Current news and class assignment (extra Credit) • Chapter “The Crime Picture”

  2. WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS REVIEW ERRORS

  3. rEVIEW • TITLE PAGE • No Headers • No page numbers • Improper information on title page, i.e. • Last name on header • My name, school name unnecessary information

  4. REVIEW • Improper citations • No citations • Short papers, • Not following instructions, i.e. Information I asked for on instructions sheet • Misspelled words • No APA Format • Reference page errors, blue ink and underlines on Internet cites • Missing information I asked for, i.e. Reference from a text

  5. Current News http://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx?guid=93bb0209-4423-49cb-852c-9af45f1318e1

  6. Class Assignment Take out a piece of paper and answer the following three questions Put your name on the paper as we will hand it in for 10 extra credit points

  7. QUESTIONS • Should law enforcement officer’s be allowed to lie? If not, why? • Based on the article, do you believe that the officer’s from Marin County should have related the information to the San Diego area officer’s to investigate? Or, were they correct in “playing out” the way the did. • Should the officer’s have arrested the suspect after the first small drug deal? If not why? If so, what would you have done differently?

  8. The Crime Picture

  9. Crime Data and Social Policy “We an have as much or as little crime as we please, depending on what we choose to count as criminal” Herbert Packer How useful are crime statistics? Public opinion about crime is not always realistic

  10. The Measurement of Crime What Americans know about crime is, by and large, based on statistics supplied by government agencies.

  11. How useful are crime statistics? • Public opinion about crime is not always realistic

  12. Thecollection of crime data Nationally, there are two major sources: • FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR), also known today as National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) • National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Page 24

  13. UCR History • 1930, Congress authorized the U.S. attorney general to survey crime in America • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was designed to implement • Earlier efforts by International Association of Chiefs of Police used readily available information • FBI’s 1styear, rec’d reports from 400 cities, 43 states, 20 million people

  14. (UCR) cont’d • Today more than 18,000 city, county, university and college, tribal and state law enforcement agencies (representing 95 percent of the U.S. population) are active in the program.

  15. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) The UCR includes two major indexes: • Offenses known to the police • Statistics about persons arrested

  16. (UCR) cont’d • To ensure uniformity in reporting, FBI developed standardized definitions of offenses and terminologies

  17. 1000 crimes 500 go unreported 500-400 unsolved 100 people arrested 30 cased go to trial 29 sentenced 20 adults go to prison/jail

  18. (UCR) cont’d • Original UCR was designed to permit comparisons over time through construction of a: • Crime Index (Discontinued in 2004) • Summed the occurrences of seven major offenses:

  19. Crime Index Cont’d • Murder • Forcible Rape • Robbery • Aggravated assault • Burglary • Larceny-theft • Motor Vehicle Theft In 1979, an eighth offense was added ARSON

  20. eight index crimes The Part I offenses in the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports. Murder Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault Burglary • Larceny-theft • Motor vehicle theft • Arson Once again, the Crime Index was discontinued in 2004

  21. Crime Index, why discontinued? • The index was intended to be a tool for state to state and year to year comparisons via the use of crime rates • Index was misleading and research found that larceny-theft, carried undue weight and led to underappreciation of changes in the rates of more violent and serious c

  22. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) • An incident based reporting system that collects detailed data on every single crime occurrence, NIBRS data that have traditionally been provided by the FBI’s UCR. • 1988, redesigned UCR System

  23. UCR vs NIBRS • UCR- depended on statistical tabulations of crime data which were often more than frequency counts • NIBRS- Gathers details about each criminal incident; Information on place of occurrence, weapon used, type, value of property damaged or stolen, personal characteristics of the offender and the victim, nature of any relationship between the two and disposition of the complaint

  24. NIBRS 22 general offenses: Arson, assault, bribery, burglary, counterfeiting, embezzlement, extortion, forcible sex offenses, fraud, gambling, homicide, kidnapping, larceny, motor vehicle theft, narcotics offenses, non-forcible sex offenses, pornography, prostitution, receiving stolen property, robbery, vandalism, and weapons violations.

  25. Other offenses Bad checks, vagrancy, disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, drunkenness, non-violent family offenses, liquor-law violations, peeping tom activity, runaways, trespass and a general category of all “other” criminal law violations.

  26. National Incident-based Reporting System • FBI began accepting crime date in NIBRS format in January, 1989 • Changes continue to be made • 1990- Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act- colleges to publish annual security reports

  27. https://ucr.fbi.gov/

  28. Historical Trends National reports generally make use of large units of population, such as 100,000 people • 1960, reported rape was 10 per 100,000 • 2012, 26.9 forcible rapes per 100,000 inhabitants of the United States

  29. Historical Trends Three major shifts in crime rates: • 1940s, crime decreased, men entered into the military service, World War II • 1960s to 1990s, baby boomers (birth rates skyrocketed between 1945-1955. 1960s, baby boomers entered crime-prone ages • 1991 to 2012, decline

  30. Crime declines Various reasons • Combat crime, Safe Streets Act 1968, & USA Patriot Act of 2001 • Stronger, better-prepared criminal justice agencies • Community Policing • Strong victim’s movement • Get tough on crime, war on drugs • Advances in forensic science and enforcement technology

  31. Crime on the rise? Random mass shootings Higher rates of murder in some cities

  32. Ucr/nibrs in transition FBI CRIME CLOCK Page 31

  33. Seven major crimes • Murder • Rape • Robbery • Aggravated Assault • Motor vehicle theft • Burglary • Larceny-theft

  34. Let’s take a look at the #2 largest city in the country LAPD Crime Mapping http://www.lapdonline.org/crime_mapping_and_compstat

  35. UCR/nibrs • Violent Crimes (also called personal crimes) Murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault in California, violent crimes are referred to as “strikable,” two and three strike laws • Property Crimes Motor vehicle theft, burglary, arson, and larceny-theft

  36. Murder • The unlawful killing of a human being.with malice aforethought- premeditation; forethought(with a deliberateintention of causingharm) “Murder is a generic term that in common usage may include first and second degree murder, manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, and other similar offenses.” (F. Schmalleger, 2016)

  37. Freedom or Safety? You decide Page 32 A dress cod for bank customers

  38. murder • The killing of another human being under conditions specifically covered in law. In the U.S., special statutory definitions include murder committed with malice aforethought, characterized by deliberation or premeditation or occurring during the commission of another serious crime, as robbery or arson (first-degree murder) and murder by intent but without deliberation or premeditation (second-degree murder) http://www.dictionary.com/browse/murder

  39. The homicide cop There is no hunting like the hunting of man, and those who have hunted armed men long enough and liked it, never care for anything else thereafter. Ernest Hemingway https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/e/ernesthemi395443.html

  40. FBI Crime in the United States https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/latest-crime-stats-released

  41. Rape Rape- The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, oral penetration by a sex organ of another person Forcible rape, the carnal knowledge of a person, forcibly and against their will. (carnal-pertaining to or characterized by the flesh or the body, its  passionsand appetites; sensual) Sexual Battery- The intentional and wrongful physical contact with a person, without his/her consent that entails a sexual component or purpose

  42. Date Rape The unlawful forced sexual intercourse with a person, without his or her consent, that occurs within the context of a dating relationship. Date rape, or acquaintance rape, is a subcategory of rape that is of special concern today

  43. Robbery • The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear

  44. Aggravated assault • Assault- an unlawful attack by one person upon another (usually a misdemeanor) • Aggravated assault- the unlawful, intentional inflicting, or attempted or threatened inflicting, of serious injury upon the person of another (usually a weapon or victim requires medical assistance)

  45. Burglary • The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft UCR/NIBRS- three classifications of burglary • Forcible entry • Unlawful entry where no force is used, and • Attempted forcible entry (In 2012, 60.5% were forced entries)

  46. Larceny-Theft • The unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another (vehicles are excluded) • Larceny is another name for theft, theft from Motor vehicle, shoplifing, thefts from buildings, thefts from motor vehicle parts and accessories, bicycle thefts, thefts from coin-operated machines, purse snatching, and pickpocketing Larceny theft is the most frequently reported major crime, according to the UCR/NIBRS. It may also be the program’s most underreported crime category

  47. Identity theft A crime in which an imposter obtains key pieces of information to obtain credit, merchandise and services

  48. NCVS An annual survey of selected American households conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the extend of criminal victimization especially unreported victimization in the United States Dark figure of crime- Crime that is not reported to the police and that remains unknown to officials Page 42 & 43

  49. Special categories of crime • Stalking • Cyberstalking • Crime against the elderly • Hate Crime • Corporate and White-Collar Crime • Organized Crime • Gun Crime (the use of a gun during the commission of a crime) • Drug Crime • High Technology and Computer Crime

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