1 / 34

20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes

20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes. The ultimate goal of genomic research: determining the ordered nucleotide sequences of entire genomes of organisms

alyssa-edwards
Download Presentation

20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes • The ultimate goal of genomic research: determining the ordered nucleotide sequences of entire genomes of organisms • Genetic maps: (linkage map) approximate locations of genes, relative to the location of other genes, based on the rates of recombination

  2. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes Physical map: based on the direct analysis of DNA, places genes in relation to distances measured in bp, kbp, and mbp

  3. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes • Sequencing an entire genome: • The human genome project • Map-based sequencing: relies on detailed genetic and physical maps to align sequenced fragments

  4. Concept Check 1 A contig is: • a set of molecular markers used in genetic mapping • a set of overlapping fragments that form a continuous stretch of DNA • a set of fragments generated by a restriction enzyme • a small DNA fragment used in sequencing

  5. Concept Check 1 A contig is: • a set of molecular markers used in genetic mapping • a set of overlapping fragments that form a continuous stretch of DNA • a set of fragments generated by a restriction enzyme • a small DNA fragment used in sequencing

  6. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes • Whole-genome shotgun sequencing: Small-insert clones are prepared directly from genomic DNA and sequenced in a highly automated way.

  7. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes • Single-nucleotide polymorphisms: • A site in the genome where individual members of a species differ in a single base pair • Haplotype: the specific set of SNPs and other genetic variants observed on a chromosome • tagSNPs

  8. 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes • Copy-number variations • The number of copies of DNA sequences varies from people to people. • Expressed-Sequence Tags (ESTs) • Markers associated with DNA sequences that are expressed as RNA • Bioinformatics: • Molecular Biology + Computer Science

  9. 20.2 Functional Genomics Determines the Functions of Genes by Using Genomic-Based Approaches • Functional genomics • characterizes what the sequences do • Transcriptome: all the RNA molecules transcribed from a genome • Proteome: all the proteins encoded by the genome

  10. Predicting Function from Sequence • Homologous • Genes that are evolutionarily related • Orthologs • Homologous genes in different species that evolved from the same gene in a common ancestor • Paralogs • Homologous genes arising by duplication of a single gene in the same organism

  11. Concept Check 3 What is the difference between orthologs and paralogs? • Orthologs are homologous sequences; paralogs are analogous sequences. • Orthologs are more similar than paralogs. • Orthologs are in the same organism; paralogs are in different organisms. • Orthologs are in different organisms; paralogs are in the same organism.

  12. Concept Check 3 What is the difference between orthologs and paralogs? • Orthologs are homologous sequences; paralogs are analogous sequences. • Orthologs are more similar than paralogs. • Orthologs are in the same organism; paralogs are in different organisms. • Orthologs are in different organisms; paralogs are in the same organism.

  13. Gene Expression and Microarrays • Microarrays: • Nucleic acid hybridization: using a known DNA fragment as a probe to find a complementary sequence • Gene expression and reporter sequences: • Reporter sequence: encoding an easily observed product used to track the expression of a gene of interest

  14. 20.3 Comparative Genomics Studies How Genomes Evolve

  15. Prokaryotic Genomes • Genome size • Number of genes • Horizontal gene transfer: exchanging genetic information from closely related or distantly related species over evolutionary time • Function of genes

  16. Eukaryotic Genomes • Genome size • Number of genes • Multigene family: a group of evolutionarily related genes that arose through repeated evolution of an ancestral gene

  17. 20.4 Proteomics Analyzes the Complete Set of Proteins Found in a Cell • Determination of cellular proteins • Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis • Mass spectrometry

  18. 20.4 Proteomics Analyzes the Complete Set of Proteins Found in a Cell • Determination of cellular proteins • Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. • Mass spectrometry

More Related