PENULISAN KARYA ILMIAH (Scientific/Academic Writing)

1. PENULISAN KARYA ILMIAH(Scientific/Academic Writing)

2. Materi • Pertemuan 1: Type of academic writing • Pertemuan 2: Plagiarism • Pertemuan 3: Penulisanartikeljurnal (sosial-lingkungan) • Pertemuan 4: Penulisanartikeljurnal (biofisik-lingkungan) • Pertemuan 5: Bahasadanpenulisankaryailmiah • Pertemuan 6: Test

3. Type of Academic WritingBudhiGunawan, M.A., Ph.D.DisiapkanuntukperkuliahanPrapascaProgram StudiDoktorIlmuLingkungan2012-2013

4. Disclaimer • Materipresentasiperkuliahanpra-pascainiditulisberdasarkansumber-sumberrujukanberupadokumenpanduanbagimahasiswa di berbagaiuniversitas di luarnegeri yang dapatdiunduhdari internet dansumberlain seperti Wikipedia. Dalambanyakhal, gagasanataupernyataan yang terdapatdalamberbagaisumber yang dirujuktersebut, menunjukkankesamaandanbersifat “common sense”. Karenaitu, sumber-sumberrujukantersebuttidakditulissatupersatuketikagagasannyadikutip. Sumber-sumberrujukantersebut, antara lain adalah:

5. SUMBER RUJUKAN • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_writing • http://www.esc.edu/online-writing-center/resources/academic-writing/qualities/ • http://www.esc.edu/online-writing-center/resources/academic-writing/key-terms/#Apply • http://www.esc.edu/online-writing-center/resources/academic-writing/types/ • http://www1.aston.ac.uk/current-students/academic-support/ldc/get-ahead/study-skills/academicwriting/ • http://learnhigher.ac.uk/Students/Academic-Writing.html • http://www2.uni-wuppertal.de/FB4/anglistik/multhaup/study_skills/7_study_skill_txt_academic_principles_acad_writing.html • http://www.excellent-proofreading-and-writing.com/academic-writing-for-graduate-students.html#axzz217uyqu00 • http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/literature-reviews/ • http://www.engl.niu.edu/wac/progrgd.html • http://research.berkeley.edu/ucday/abstract.html • http://www.gradshare.com/advice.html?id=633 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper • http://www.excellent-proofreading-and-writing.com/thesis-writing.html#axzz217uyqu00 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_paper • http://sydney.edu.au/stuserv/learning_centre/help/styleStructure/st_academicWriting.shtml • Dll.

6. 1 Academic Writing Writing isnot(simply) a product Writing is a process

7. 2 Academic Writing • Academic writing conforms to a particular style and it is one that you will be expected to use at university. • It excludes slang and abbreviations but is otherwise normal, clear everyday language. • Academic writing • Tends to be quite formal in tone • Has references and evidence to support its claims • Is often written in the third person

8. 3 Academic and Technical Writinghttp://classweb.gmu.edu/WAC/iteguide/acadtechdif.htm • The purposes of academic writing can be: • to present the results of one's knowledge • to present the results gained from one's personal research, and • to present one's point of view. • The purposes of technical writing can be: • to teach someone how to use a specific product or service; and • to describe the procedures that are employed by companies for carrying out various tasks

9. 4 Academic and Technical Writing • The audiences are completely different. • The academic writeris writing to fellow scholars, and often, depending on the journal or publication, to the general public. • The technical writer is writing to the user of the product or the service, or to government inspectors who need to see how the company carries out certain tasks.

10. 5 Type of Academic Writing

11. 6 ESSAY • An essay is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view. • The word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer, "to try" or "to attempt". In English essay first meant "a trial" or "an attempt", and this is still an alternative meaning. • An essay has been defined in a variety of ways. One definition is a "prose composition with a focused subject of discussion" or a "long, systematic discourse".  • Prose is basically written words structured the same as spoken words. Essentially the same as a book or short story, newspaper article, factual book or dialogue

12. 7 CRITICAL REVIEWS • Identify, summarize, and evaluate the ideas and information presented by author.  Examineanother person's thoughts on a topic from your point of view. • Your stand must go beyond your "gut reaction" to the work and be based on your knowledge (readings, lecture, experience) of the topic as well as on factors such as criteria stated in your assignment or discussed by you and your instructor. • The goal is to make a few key points about the book or article, not to discuss everything the author writes.

13. 8 CRITICAL REVIEWS-Book Reviews • Book reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the research books published by scholars. • A book review is a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit. • Journals typically have a separate book review editor determining which new books to review and by whom.

14. 10 1 LITERATURE REVIEWS • A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. • A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. • A summary is a recap of the important information of the source, • A synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant.

15. 11 LITERATURE REVIEWS • But how is a literature review different from an academic research paper? • The main focus of an academic research paper is to develop a new argument, and a research paper will contain a literature review as one of its parts. In a research paper, you use the literature as a foundation and as support for a new insight that you contribute. • The focus of a literature review, however, is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions.

16. 12 LITERATURE REVIEWS • Why do we write literature reviews? • Literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. • If you have limited time to conduct research, literature reviews can give you an overview or act as a stepping stone. • For professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current in the field. • For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in his or her field. • Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers.

17. 13 RESEARCH PAPER • Research paper may refer to: • Academic paper (also called scholarly paper), which is published in academic journals and contains original research results or reviews existing results • Term paper, written by high school or college students • Thesis or dissertation, a document submitted in support of a candidature for a degree or professional qualification, presenting the author's research and findings

18. 14 Papers to be published in academic journals • In academic publishing, a paper is an academic work that is usually published in an academic journal. • It contains original research results or reviews existing results. • Such a paper, also called an article, will only be considered valid if it undergoes a process ofpeer review by one or more referees (who are academics in the same field) who check that the content of the paper is suitable for publication in the journal. A paper may undergo a series of reviews, editions and re-submissions before finally being accepted or rejected for publication. • Some journals, particularly newer ones, are now published in electronic form only.

19. 15 Papers to be published in academic journals • Peer review is a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals within the relevant field. • Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance and provide credibility. In academia peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication.

20. 16 Papers to be published in academic journals A good scientific paper should be: • An accurate account of the research • Be clearly written • Follow the style of the journal and academic branch • Use language that all readers will understand (no slang or jargon) • Contain suitable references to support the information • Contain a clear presentation of the data (clear figures and tables) • Not contain any plagiarised material

21. 17 Papers to be published in Conference Proceedings(Ruth A. Palmquist) • Many graduate students start to build their Curriculum Vitae by publishing first in an association conference proceeding and then move onto to publishing in journals • Getting published in a conference proceeding: • First make sure that the conference you are interested in will, in fact, prepare a published copy of the proceedings for a national or international audience. • The conferences can be at the state or the national level. Obviously, the higher the conference level, usually the more prestigious the conference proceedings will be for your C.V. • Usually, in advance of the conference, sometimes by as much as a year, the association sponsoring the conference will put out a request for submissions along with the needed info on desired topics, page length, and deadlines for acceptance, revisions, etc.This requestwill usually favor papers covering current research efforts (rather than opinion pieces or syntheses of others' work).

22. 18 Term Paper • A 'term paper' is a research paper written by students  over an academic term,accounting for a large part of a grade. Term papers are generally intended to describe an event, a concept, or argue a point. A term paper is a written original work discussing a topic in detail, usually several typed pages in length and is often due at the end of a semester. • There is much overlap between the terms "research paper" and "term paper". The phrase "term paper" was originally used to describe a paper (usually a research based paper) that was due at the end of the "term" - either a semester or quarter, depending on which unit of measure a school used. However, the term has fallen out of favor. Common usage has "term paper" and "research paper" as interchangeable, but this is not completely accurate. Not all term papers involve academic research, and not all research papers are term papers.

23. 19 Term Paper • In the present day an entire industry has sprung up to provide plagiarized, pre-written, or custom written term papers to students of levels of education. There are many websites that sell term papers of all levels of quality and writing proficiency, but are often claimed by academic institutions as seriously undermining the academic integrity of the student. • Use of such papers is frowned upon by educators and administrators, and submission of these works is considered plagiarism, and grounds for disciplinary action on the basis of academic dishonesty. These papers are in some rare cases used as a "model" for a student to use as a starting point in their research, but this is also considered ethically questionable and is usually a pretext for plagiarism.

24. 21 Thesis/Dissertation • Adissertation or thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings. In some countries/universities, the word "thesis" or a cognate is used as part of a bachelor’s or master’s course, while "dissertation" is normally applied to a doctorate, while in others, the reverse is true. • The term dissertation can at times be used to describe a treatise without relation to obtaining an academic degree. The term thesis is also used to refer to the central claim of an essay or similar work.

25. 22 Academic Poster • At university, students are often assessed on poster design. Posters are an effective way of communicating concisely, visually and attractively, and can be a powerful way of getting information across. • Academic posters summarize information or research concisely and attractively, to help publicize it and generate discussion. • Posters are widely used in the academic community, and most conferences include poster presentations in their program. Academic posters can reach a wide audience as they may be displayed for several hours or days, at national or international conferences. • They may also be published online as part of conference proceedings, becoming part of a permanent record of research activity. • An effective poster can make a strong impact, so it's worth developing your poster planning skills.

26. 23 Call for papers • A call for papers(CFP) is a method used in academic and other contexts for collecting book or journal articles or conference presentations. A CFP usually is sent to interested parties, describing the broad theme, the occasion for the CFP, formalities such as what kind of abstract (summary) has to be submitted to whom and a deadline. • A CFP is usually distributed using a mailing list or on specialized online services. Papers are usually submitted using an online abstract or paper management service.

27. 24 Progression Report • People write progress reports to keep interested parties informed about what has been done on a project and about what remains to be done. Often the reader is the writer's supervisor. As a result the tone should be serious and respectful. Even though progress reports are often in the form of a memo, the writer should be careful to write formal, standard prose. Progress reports represent not only the writer's work but the writer's organizational and communication skills.

28. 25 Progression Report • Progress reports can be structured in several ways. The following suggested pattern helps the writer cover essential material. • Heading (Date, To, From, Subject) • Purpose Statement • Background • Work Completed • Problems • Work Scheduled

29. 26 Technical Report • A technical report (also: scientific report) is a document that describes the process, progress, or results of technical or scientific research or the state of a technical or scientific research problem. It might also include recommendations and conclusions of the research. Unlike other scientific literature, such as scientific journals and the proceedings of some academic conferences, technical reports rarely undergo comprehensive independent peer review before publication. Where there is a review process, it is often limited to within the originating organization. Similarly, there are no formal publishing procedures for such reports, except where established locally. • Technical reports are today a major source of scientific and technical information. They are prepared for internal or wider distribution by many organizations, most of which lack the extensive editing and printing facilities of commercial publishers.

30. 27 Technical Report • Technical reports are often prepared for sponsors of research projects. • Another case where a technical report may be produced is when more information is produced for an academic paper than is acceptable or feasible to publish in a peer-reviewed publication; examples of this include in-depth experimental details, additional results, or the architecture of a computer model. • Researchers may also publish work in early form as a technical report to establish novelty, without having to wait for the often long production schedules of academic journals. • Technical reports are considered "non-archival" publications, and so are free to be published elsewhere in peer-reviewed venues with or without modification.

31. 28 Position Paper • A position paper is an essay that presents an opinion about an issue, typically that of the author or another specified entity; such as a political party. Position papers are published in academia, in politics, in law and other domains. • Position papers range from the simplest format of a letter to the editor through to the most complex in the form of an academic position paper. Position papers are also used by large organizations to make public the official beliefs and recommendations of the group.

32. 29 Working Paper • A working paper or work paper or workpaper may refer to: • A preliminary scientific or technical paper. Often, authors will release working papers to share ideas about a topic or to elicit feedback before submitting to a peer reviewed conference or academic journal. Working papers are often the basis for related works, and may in themselves be cited by peer-review papers. • Sometimes the term working paper is used synonymously as technical report. The United Nations uses the term "working paper" in approximately this sense for the draft of a resolution.

33. 30 Synthesis Paper • This kind of paper is frequently assigned in certain university. It often replaces an exam. • Usually, students are expected to use their writing to show that they have understood all the readings included in the assignment, and they are expected to synthesize the readings, to bring them together, in some interesting way around a central question. • The students will use their reading, then, to develop their thesis--showing their reader what they mean by it and why they believe it is true.

34. 31 Abstract • An abstract is a short summary of a completed research. If done well, it makes the reader want to learn more about the research. • These are the basic components of an abstract in any discipline: • 1) Motivation/problem statement: Why do we care about the problem? What practical, scientific, theoretical or artistic gap is your research filling? • 2) Methods/procedure/approach: What did you actually do to get your results? (e.g. analyzed 3 novels, completed a series of 5 oil paintings, interviewed 17 students) • 3) Results/findings/product: As a result of completing the above procedure, what did you learn/invent/create? • 4) Conclusion/implications: What are the larger implications of your findings, especially for the problem/gap identified in step 1?

35. 32 Presentation • Presentation is the practice of showing and explaining the content of a topic to an audience or learner. • Presentations can be categorized as vocational and avocational. In addition, they are expository or persuasive. And they can be impromptu, extemporaneous, written, or memorized. • There are three basic purposes for giving oral presentations: • To inform • To persuade • To build good will

36. 33 Monograph • A monograph is a work of writing upon a single subject, usually by a single author. It is often a scholarly essay or learned treatise, and may be released in the manner of a book or journal article. • It is by definition a single document that forms a complete text in itself. An author may therefore declare her or his own work to be a monograph by intent, or a reader or critic might define a given text as a monograph for the purpose of analysis. • Normally the term is used for a work intended to be a complete and detailed exposition of a substantial subject at a level more advanced than that of a textbook. However, the leading textbooks in a field are usually written as a large monograph, in that they put forward original ideas, draw on original material, and are agenda setting. • Some textbooks are of such a quality that their individual chapters read as monographs. Such textbooks are considered to be classics within their field. Likewise, many monographs are less than agenda setting and some are of a weaker descriptive nature. Monographs form a component of the review of literature in science and engineering. • Librarians consider a monograph to be a nonserial publication complete in one volume (book) or a finite number of volumes. Thus it differs from a serial publication such as a magazine, journal, or newspaper.

37. 34 Encyclopedia • An encyclopedia(encyclopaedia or encyclopædia) is a type of reference work, a compendium holding a summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge. • Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name. • The purpose of an encyclopedia is: • to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; • to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; • and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come.

38. 35 Annotated bibliography • An annotated bibliograph is a bibliography that gives a summary of each of the entries. The purpose of annotations is to provide the reader with a summary and an evaluation of the source. Each summary should be a concise exposition of the source's central idea(s) and give the reader a general idea of the source's conten.

39. 36 Book • Books may refer to works of literature, or a main division of such a work. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as magazines, journalsor newspaper. • The body of all written works including books is literature. In novels sometimes other types of books (for example, biographies), a book may be divided into several large sections, also called books (Book 1, Book 2, Book 3, and so on).

40. 37 Periodical Literature • Periodical literature (also called a periodical publication or simply a periodical) is a published work that appears in a new edition on a regular schedule. The most familiar examples are the newspaper, often published daily, or weekly; or the magazine, typically published weekly, monthly or as a quarterly. Other examples would be a newsletter, a literary journal or learned journal, or a yearbook. These examples are typically published and referenced by volume and issue. "Volume" typically refers to the number of years the publication has been circulated, and "Issue" refers to how many times that periodical has been published during that year. For example, the April 2011 publication of a monthly magazine first published in 2002 would be listed as, "Volume 9, Issue 4." (Roman numerals are sometimes used in reference to the Volume number.) • Periodicals can be classifed into two types: popular and scholarly. The popular periodicals are magazine and newspapers, like Ebony and Esquire. The scholarly periodicals are found in libraries and databases. Examples are The Journal of Psychology and the Journal of Social Work. Trade/Professional journals are also examples of periodicals. They are written for an audience of professionals in the field.

41. 38 Academic Journal • An academic journal is a peer-reviewedperiodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, and book reviews. • The term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Scientific journals and journals of the quantitativesocial sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities and qualitative social sciences.

42. 39 http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/126867-Purpose-and-Strategy-Academic-Writing • Writing program/lesson will not make you master the writing skill until you start to write • Good writing is not finish on one night • You will always think that you have written a good paper, but your reader will not think the same like you. You always need feedback from others.

43. 40 The Writing Processhttp://www.esc.edu/online-writing-center/resources/academic-writing/types/ • Prewriting: developing ideas (Freewriting, Brainstorming, Clustering/Mapping, Maintaining a personal journal) • Gathering Information (looking for sources online and in the library that will support your thesis and include taking notes, gathering quotations and paraphrasing information) • Shaping Information  outlining • Building the Essay Draft • Rewriting or revising • The writing process is never done--it is only finished when you need to hand something in or voluntarily discontinue working. Nobody's writing is perfect

44. 41 Structure of academic papers A widespread and useful feature of academic papers is that they have a three-part structure: • The introduction should clearly state the aim and topic of the paper and give a brief outline of its structure, line of argument or choice of perspective and type of presentation. • The main body of the text should be divided into chapters and sub-chapters with titles and subtitles that flag their respective topics and functions. • Within chapters a clear paragraph structure helps to bring across the intended meaning. • Keywords can be used to formally mark (by type of print) the main points of a paragraph. Formal linguistic devices like conjunctions, connectives, adversatives and similar lexico-grammatical means should be used to underline the function and meaning of paragraphs and their ‘logical relation’ to their neighbours. • Good writers make sure that there are no missing links or other ‘logical gaps’ in their presentation. In other words, they critically check that their papers have coherence (on the content level) and cohesion (on the level of style and grammar). • Academic papers should conclude with a summary. This is followed by a bibliography that lists all the books, articles, and other sources used for producing the paper or quoted in it.

45. 43 Structure of academic papers Introduction • The introduction should contain the background information needed and introduce the topic in more detail than the title did. You could possibly state the main questions that you will answer in the body of the text.  Main Body • The main body of the text should remain focused on answering the question (or implied question) in the title. Do this in as many paragraphs as needed, but remember that paragraphs which are very long are hard to read. Vary the lengths of the paragraphs. Each paragraph should focus on only one main point.  Conclusion • The conclusions should sum up the main points from the essay and provide a final answer to the question you have been trying to answer. Do not repeat chunks of text from the main part; summarize and restate the main points in new language. • You could try to write the conclusion first. Then you will know where you need to your argument to reach by the end of the essay. This will help you remain focused so that you can stay on topic.  References

46. 42 Coherence and Cohesion • If a paper is easy to understand, this is mostly due to a coherent presentation of its contents. It follows a clear line in presenting facts and arguments and avoids statements which are incomprehensible for the reader. • Coherent pieces of writing are selective in their presentation of content. They focus on the important issues and cut out what is irrelevant or unintelligible for a reader. This requires that their authors (a) know their subject well, and (b) have an eye on their audience and tailor their writing to what their readers probably know beforehand and are able to understand. • Coherent writing creates a comprehensible context for the contents presented. It, too, presents them in a comprehensible order.

47. 42 Coherence and Cohesion • Cohesion is the formal counterpart to coherence. Cohesive elements help to make texts comprehensible. And all languages provide a certain number of lexico-grammatical elements which highlight, on the sentence and paragraph level, the sense relation of one textual unit to those preceding or following on it. • Such formal or stylistic devices have a guiding function for the reader. They support and speed up the cognitive processes by which a reader constructs the overall meaning of the linearly incoming textual information.