E-PRTR Session 4: Monitoring/Measuring, calculation and estimation of emissions

1. E-PRTR Session 4: Monitoring/Measuring, calculation and estimation of emissions PART 1 : INTRODUCTION Iksan van der Putte

2. Accidents & chemicals Minamata -MeHg Bhopal- MIC Seveso- TCP/Dioxins Basel (Sandoz)- pesticides US/Europe/World - DES

3. SO2, NOx,particulate matter (PM10) – LCP Directive

4. World Health Organisation 2005 Increase in all-age daily mortality rate: relation with PM10? Change in pulmonary function:respiratory effects- asthmatic

5. World Health Organisation 2005 Reduced lung function growth in children – also related to other combustion products ? Direct effect pulmonary function in asthmatics

6. World Health Organisation 2005 Increase in daily mortality Total cardio-pulmonary and lung cancer mortality

7. 2005 EC Environment Policy Review (COM (2006) 70) • Highlights • Environmental pollution imposes great costs on Europe, • the majority from impacts on health. • New Findings • Air pollution currently reduces the average life expectancy of Europeans by 9 to 24 months.

8. EPER PRTR The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (European PRTR) has been adopted on 18 January 2006 and laid down in Regulation (EC) No 166/2006. The PRTR's first edition is expected to be published in the autumn of 2009 and will include data for the first reporting year 2007.The European PRTR implements the UNECE PRTR Protocol, which was signed in May 2003 in Kiev; it further replaces the existing European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER).

9. Example Bulgaria RIEW: Regional Inspectorate for Environment and Water MOEW: Ministry of Environment and Water • ExEA: Executive Environment Agency; EEA: European Environment Agency

10. What and how to report? • Reported releases and off-site transfers • are totals of releases and off-site transfers from all • deliberate, • accidental, • routine and • non-routine • activities at the site of the facility.

11. Measurement/calculation/estimation of releases and off-site transfers M = measured using standardised or accepted methods (direct monitoring results) CEN and ISO; C = based on internationally accepted calculation methods (using activity data (fuel used, production rate, etc.) and emission factors or mass balances (ETS/IPCC/CORINAIR); E = based on non-standardised estimations or expert guesses

12. M =measured using standardised or accepted methods coded with respective CEN and ISO standards C =based on internationally accepted calculation methods coded with ETS (see Guidelines EU ETS) IPCC (see IPCC Guidelines) UNECE/EMEP (see EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook

13. “equivalent methodologies”to be coded as PER: in permit prescribed M, C, E method NRB: national or regional binding rule ALT: alternative measurement methodology equivalent to CEN/ISO CRM:equivalent methodology by Certified Reference Materials according to ISO 17025 and ISO guide 33 with acceptance by CA MAB: mass balance methodology accepted by CA SSC: A European wide sector specific calculation method delivered to EC, EEA and relevant int. organisations

15. The Importance of Monitoring

16. E-PRTR Session 4: Monitoring/Measuring, calculation and estimation of emissions PART 2 : MONITORING Iksan van der Putte

17. WHY MONITOR • The IPPC Directive requires all Emission Limit Values (ELVs) • in permits to be based on the application of Best Available • Techniques (BAT). • Monitoring the performance of these BAT-based techniques • May be necessary for two main reasons: • to check that the emissions are within ELVs, e.g. • compliance assessment • to establish the contribution of a particular installation • to environmental pollution in general, e.g. periodic • environmental reporting to the competent authorities. • (ref. E-PRTR) • Other reasons

18. Who monitors Compliance monitoring can be carried out by competent authorities, operators, or by third-party contractors acting on their behalf. Both the authorities and operators are increasingly making use of external contractors to undertake monitoring work on their behalf. However, even when using contractors the ultimate responsibility for the monitoring and its quality remains with the relevant authority or operator and cannot be contracted out.

19. Who monitors It is the responsibility of the competent authority to establish and set appropriate quality requirements, and to consider a range of safeguards. For the purpose of compliance assessment use of the following is good practice: _ standard methods of measurement, where available _ certified instruments _ certification of personnel _ accredited laboratories.

20. “What” and “How” to monitor • In principle there are various approaches that can • be taken to monitor a parameter, although some of • them may not be appropriate for particular applications: • direct measurements • surrogate parameters • mass balances • other calculations • emission factors.

21. “What” and “How” to monitor Direct measurements (a) continuous monitoring fixed in-situ (or in-line) continuous reading instruments (NB regular maintenance/calibration) fixed on-line (or extractive) continuous reading instruments (NB pre-treatment). (b) discontinuous monitoring. Portable instruments laboratory analysis of samples taken by fixed, in-situ samplers, laboratory analysis of spot samples.

22. “What” and “How” to monitor • Surrogate parameters • quantitative surrogates • total VOC instead of the individual components • calculation of the waste gas concentration from • the composition and throughput of fuel, raw materials and • additives and from the flow rates • continuous dust measurements as a good indication • for heavy metal emissions

23. “What” and “How” to monitor Mass balance method

24. Calculations Fuel analysis emission calculation E = Q x C/100 x (MW/EW) x T Where: E = Annual load of the chemical species emitted (kg/yr) Q = Fuel mass flow rate (kg/h) C = Concentration of the elemental pollutant in fuel (wt%) MW = Molecular weight of the chemical species emitted (kg/kg-mole) EW = Elemental weight of the pollutant in fuel (kg/kg-mole) T = Operating hours (h/yr)

25. Emission factors Emission Rate = Emission Factor x Activity Data (mass per time) (mass per unit of throughput) (throughput per time) Emission factors are obtained from European and American sources (e.g. EPA 42, CORINAIR,UNICE, OECD) and are usually expressed as the weight of a substance emitted divided by the unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the substance (e.g. kilograms of sulphur dioxide emitted per tonne of fuel burned).

26. “C” for example Corinair Tier 1: a method using readily available statistical data on the intensity of processes (“activity rates”) and default emission factors. These emission factors assume a linear relation between the intensity of the process and the resulting emissions. The Tier 1 default emission factors also assume an average or typical process description. Tier 2: is similar to Tier 1 but uses more specific emission factors developed on the basis of knowledge of the types of processes and specific process conditions that apply in the country for which the inventory is being developed. Tier 3: is any method that goes beyond the above methods. These might include the use of more detailed activity information, specific abatement strategies or other relevant technical information.

27. Corinair : default emission factorsTier 1 (small combustion installations)

28. Corinair : emission factorsTier 2

29. “How” to express ELVs and monitoring results • There is a relationship between the way ELVs are expressed • and the objective for monitoring these emissions. • The following types of units can be applied, either singly or • in combination: • _ concentration units (mg/m3) • _ units of load over time (kg/s) • _ specific units and emission factors (kg/t of product) • _ thermal effect units (temperature) • _ other emission value units (m/s exhaust gas) • _ normalised units (ref. oxygen conc.)

30. Monitoring timing considerations • time when samples and/or measurements are taken • (depend on plant processing conditions) • - averaging time (hourly, daily, yearly) • frequency (e.g. from one sample/year to on-line measurements • covering 24 hours/day and it is generally divided into • continuous and discontinuous monitoring) • In general, the description of the ELV in the permit • (in terms of e.g. total amount and peaks), is • the basis to set up the monitoring timing requirements. • These requirements and associated • compliance monitoring must be clearly defined and indicated in • the permit so as to avoid ambiguity.

31. The time when samples are taken is not important since the results are very similar irrespective of when the samples are taken (i.e. in the morning, on Thursdays, etc.). The averaging time is also not so important since whatever time we choose (e.g. half-hour, 2 hours, etc.) the mean values are also very similar. The frequency could therefore be discontinuous because the results would be very similar Whether the ELV should focus on the peaks or on the total amount depends entirely on the nature/potential hazard of the emissions. If harmful effects can occur due to short-term pollutant impacts then it is important to control the peaks rather than the cumulative load. A very short averaging time is used for controlling the peaks, and a longer averaging time for controlling the total amount. A high frequency for controlling the peaks is better (continuous monitoring)

32. Process 3 represents a typical example of a cyclic or a batch process. The time when samples are taken and the averaging time can be restricted to the periods when the batch process is in operation;. The frequency could be either discontinuous or continuous Again, the nature/potential hazard of the emissions will dictate whether an ELV is to be set for the peaks or for the total amount of emissions. In this case, the time when samples are taken is very important because, due to the variability of the process, samples taken at different times can give very different results. A very short averaging time is used for controlling the peaks, and a longer averaging time is used for controlling the total amount. In either case a high frequency (e.g. continuous) is likely to be necessary, since a lower frequency is likely to produce non-reliable results

33. MONITORING Important role for quality requirements/ DATA VERIFICATION/Validation/Management