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The Kidneys

The Kidneys. 19. About this Chapter. Anatomy of the urinary system Overview of kidney function Filtration Reabsorption Secretion Excretion Micturition. Functions of the Kidneys. Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure Regulation of osmolarity

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The Kidneys

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  1. The Kidneys 19

  2. About this Chapter • Anatomy of the urinary system • Overview of kidney function • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion • Excretion • Micturition

  3. Functions of the Kidneys • Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure • Regulation of osmolarity • Maintenance of ion balance • Homeostatic regulation of pH • Excretion of wastes • Production of hormones

  4. Anatomy: The Urinary System Figure 19-1a

  5. Anatomy: The Urinary System Figure 19-1b

  6. Anatomy: The Urinary System Figure 19-1c

  7. Anatomy: The Urinary System Figure 19-1i

  8. Anatomy: The Urinary System Figure 19-1g–h

  9. Anatomy: The Urinary System Figure 19-1d–e

  10. Anatomy: The Urinary System Figure 19-1f

  11. Anatomy: The Urinary System PLAY Animation: Urinary System: Anatomy Review Figure 19-1j

  12. Kidney Function Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion Peritubular capillaries Distal tubule Efferent arteriole S R Glomerulus F R S Afferent arteriole Proximal tubule Bowman’s capsule R S R R Loop of Henle KEY F = Filtration: blood to lumen To renal vein = Reabsorption: lumen to blood R Collecting duct = Secretion: blood to lumen S E = Excretion: lumen to external environment E To bladder and external environment Figure 19-2

  13. Kidney Function Peritubular capillaries Distal tubule Efferent arteriole Glomerulus F Afferent arteriole Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle KEY = Filtration: blood to lumen F To renal vein Collecting duct Figure 19-2 (1 of 4)

  14. Kidney Function Peritubular capillaries Distal tubule Efferent arteriole R Glomerulus F R Afferent arteriole Proximal tubule Bowman’s capsule R R R Loop of Henle KEY F = Filtration: blood to lumen To renal vein = Reabsorption: lumen to blood R Collecting duct Figure 19-2 (2 of 4)

  15. Kidney Function Peritubular capillaries Distal tubule Efferent arteriole S R Glomerulus F R S Afferent arteriole Proximal tubule Bowman’s capsule R S R R Loop of Henle KEY F = Filtration: blood to lumen To renal vein = Reabsorption: lumen to blood R Collecting duct = Secretion: blood to lumen S Figure 19-2 (3 of 4)

  16. Kidney Function Peritubular capillaries Distal tubule Efferent arteriole S R Glomerulus F R S Afferent arteriole Proximal tubule Bowman’s capsule R S R R Loop of Henle KEY F = Filtration: blood to lumen To renal vein = Reabsorption: lumen to blood R Collecting duct = Secretion: blood to lumen S E = Excretion: lumen to external environment E To bladder and external environment Figure 19-2 (4 of 4)

  17. Kidney Function

  18. Kidney Function The urinary excretion of substance depends on its filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Figure 19-3

  19. The Renal Corpuscle Figure 19-4a

  20. The Renal Corpuscle Figure 19-4d

  21. The Renal Corpuscle Figure 19-4c

  22. Filtration Fraction Figure 19-5

  23. Forces that Influence Filtration • Hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) • Colloid osmotic pressure • Fluid pressure created by fluid in Bowman’s capsule

  24. Filtration Filtration pressure in the renal corpuscle depends on hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, and fluid pressure Figure 19-6

  25. Filtration Autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate takes place over a wide range of blood pressure Figure 19-7

  26. Filtration Resistance changes in renal arterioles after GFR and renal blood flow Figure 19-8a

  27. Filtration Figure 19-8b

  28. Filtration Figure 19-8c

  29. GFR Regulation • Myogenic response • Similar to autoregulation in other systemic arterioles • Tubuloglomerular feedback • Hormones and autonomic neurons • By changing resistance in arterioles • By altering the filtration coefficient

  30. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Figure 19-9

  31. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Distal tubule Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule GFR increases. 1 Proximal tubule Macula densa 2 Flow through tubule increases. 4 1 5 3 Flow past macula densa increases. Afferent arteriole Granular cells 3 2 2 4 Paracrine diffuses from macula densa to afferent arteriole. 5 Afferent arteriole constricts. Resistance in afferent arteriole increases. Collecting duct Hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus decreases. Loop of Henle GFR decreases. PLAY Animation: Urinary System: Glomerular Filtration Figure 19-10

  32. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Distal tubule Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule GFR increases. 1 Proximal tubule Macula densa 1 Afferent arteriole Granular cells Collecting duct Loop of Henle Figure 19-10, step 1

  33. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Distal tubule Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule GFR increases. 1 Proximal tubule Macula densa 2 Flow through tubule increases. 1 Afferent arteriole Granular cells 2 2 Collecting duct Loop of Henle Figure 19-10, steps 1–2

  34. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Distal tubule Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule GFR increases. 1 Proximal tubule Macula densa 2 Flow through tubule increases. 1 3 Flow past macula densa increases. Afferent arteriole Granular cells 3 2 2 Collecting duct Loop of Henle Figure 19-10, steps 1–3

  35. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Distal tubule Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule GFR increases. 1 Proximal tubule Macula densa 2 Flow through tubule increases. 4 1 3 Flow past macula densa increases. Afferent arteriole Granular cells 3 2 2 4 Paracrine diffuses from macula densa to afferent arteriole. Collecting duct Loop of Henle Figure 19-10, steps 1–4

  36. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Distal tubule Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule GFR increases. 1 Proximal tubule Macula densa 2 Flow through tubule increases. 4 1 5 3 Flow past macula densa increases. Afferent arteriole Granular cells 3 2 2 4 Paracrine diffuses from macula densa to afferent arteriole. 5 Afferent arteriole constricts. Collecting duct Loop of Henle Figure 19-10, steps 1–5 (1 of 4)

  37. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Distal tubule Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule GFR increases. 1 Proximal tubule Macula densa 2 Flow through tubule increases. 4 1 5 3 Flow past macula densa increases. Afferent arteriole Granular cells 3 2 2 4 Paracrine diffuses from macula densa to afferent arteriole. 5 Afferent arteriole constricts. Resistance in afferent arteriole increases. Collecting duct Loop of Henle Figure 19-10, steps 1–5 (2 of 4)

  38. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Distal tubule Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule GFR increases. 1 Proximal tubule Macula densa 2 Flow through tubule increases. 4 1 5 3 Flow past macula densa increases. Afferent arteriole Granular cells 3 2 2 4 Paracrine diffuses from macula densa to afferent arteriole. 5 Afferent arteriole constricts. Resistance in afferent arteriole increases. Collecting duct Hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus decreases. Loop of Henle Figure 19-10, steps 1–5 (3 of 4)

  39. Tubuloglomerular Feedback Distal tubule Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule GFR increases. 1 Proximal tubule Macula densa 2 Flow through tubule increases. 4 1 5 3 Flow past macula densa increases. Afferent arteriole Granular cells 3 2 2 4 Paracrine diffuses from macula densa to afferent arteriole. 5 Afferent arteriole constricts. Resistance in afferent arteriole increases. Collecting duct Hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus decreases. Loop of Henle GFR decreases. Figure 19-10, steps 1–5 (4 of 4)

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