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The APRM As A Governance Improvement Mechanism

The APRM As A Governance Improvement Mechanism. Paper Presented During Workshop on “Harmonizing the Tanzanian APRM National Plan of Action (NPoA) with the existing development strategies and Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF)” from 25-26 September 2012 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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The APRM As A Governance Improvement Mechanism

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  1. The APRM As A Governance Improvement Mechanism Paper Presented During Workshop on “Harmonizing the Tanzanian APRM National Plan of Action (NPoA) with the existing development strategies and Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF)” from 25-26 September 2012 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Venue: DICC, Dar es Salaam by Dr. Adotey Bing-Pappoe

  2. The Governance Landscape • The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • The APRM as Governance Improvement Mechanism • APRM Achievements and Challenges

  3. The Governance Landscape

  4. definitions The Governance Landscape • “The traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised” (Daniel Kaufmann -The Worldwide Governance Indicators) • “The exercise of political authority and the use of institutional resources to manage society's problems and affairs.” (The World Bank) • “Decisions that define expectations, grant power, or verify performance” (Wikipedia) • The established structures and processes for allocating, delegating, and using authority or power in social contexts. (working definition)

  5. The Governance Landscape Overview • Leadership structures and processes • Decision making structures and processes • The character of decisions • Institutional capacity • Implementation and monitoring • Evaluation and learning • Corrective action

  6. The LeadershipFramework The Governance Landscape • Eligibility (ethnicity, religion, gender, property,other) • Selection process (birthright, selection, election) • Powers (absolute, shared, ‘constitutional’)

  7. Decision making processes The Governance Landscape • OECD Guidelines: decision making processes • Vision and mission driven • Lawful • Transparent • Participatory • Consensual

  8. Decisions The Governance Landscape • OECD Guidelines: character of decisions • Lawful • Accountable • Inclusive (diversity) • Responsive (to what?) • Equitable and equal (horizontal, vertical)

  9. Organisational Capacity The Governance Landscape • Conditions for effective and efficient organisations: • Clear Mission and Objectives • Adequate human resources (personnel) • Relevant human capital (knowledge) • Adequate financial resources • Operative systems and procedures • Sufficient time

  10. Implementation and monitoring The Governance Landscape • Implementation • Programme and project inputs • Monitoring • Method • Frequency • Inputs • Outputs

  11. Evaluation and Learning The Governance Landscape • Evaluation Issues • Internal or external • Objectives • Questions • Timing • Methods • structured interviews • observations • focus groups • workshops • Learning issues • Conclusions rigorously based on evaluation findings

  12. The Governance Landscape Learning -3 • Learning Objectives: • Improved governance performance • Leadership systems • Decision making processes • Character of decisions • Capacity • Implementation and monitoring • Evaluation and learning • Corrective action

  13. The Governance Landscape Learning -4 • Learning Objectives: • Improved governance framework • Institutions • Objectives • Strategies • Indicators • Targets

  14. Corrective Action The Governance Landscape • Issues: • Timely • Evidence based • Appropriate • Proportionate

  15. The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms

  16. Overview The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Sources and causes of governance improvement initiatives • Objectives • Focus • Assessment and Benchmarking • Improvement Plan • Implementation and monitoring • Evaluation and learning • Corrective action

  17. Causes The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Causes and sources of governance improvement • Internally driven • Public opinion • Election results (positive and negative) • Media investigations • State driven public inquiries • Civil society led public policy research findings • Sectarian conflict • Demonstrations, Riots, and Revolutions • Externally driven • External image • International agreements and treaties (bilateral, regional global) • ‘Donor’ pressure • External sanctions and threats

  18. The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms Objectives • Objectives • Social • Economic • Military • Political • Cosmetic (Public relations)

  19. Focus The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Societal focus (kinds of institutions included) • Government • Business • Civil society • Governance focus (governance areas) • Leadership • Decision making processes • Decisions • Capacity • Implementation and monitoring • Evaluation and learning • Corrective action

  20. Assessment and Benchmarking The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Assessment methods • Subjective data • Popular surveys • Expert opinion surveys • Objective data • Official data collection • Civil society • Choice of indicators • Benchmarking • Quantification of indicators • Compilation and publication of results

  21. The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms Improvement plan • Focus • Social institutions • Governance landscape • Objectives • Assessment driven • Problems to be addressed • Based on targeted improvements to benchmarked indicators • Strategies, policies, and programmes • Indicators of success • Milestones markers • Targets

  22. Implementation and Monitoring The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Implementation • Mobilisation of planned inputs • Application of planned inputs

  23. Implementation and Monitoring The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Monitoring • Completed outputs • Intended quality • Estimated time • Estimated cost

  24. Evaluation and learning The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Relevance of objectives, strategies, policies and indicators for targeted problems • Efficiency • Input /output ratios • Cost Ratios • Effectiveness • Achievements of outcomes • Sustainability • Utility

  25. Corrective action The Structure of Governance Improvement Mechanisms • Proximate objectives of corrective action • Improved efficiency • Improved effectiveness • Strategic objectives of corrective action • New or higher governance targets • New or amended governance indicators • New or amended governance policies, strategies, or objectives • New institutions • New missions

  26. The APRM as Governance Improvement Mechanism

  27. Causes The APRM as Governance Improvement Mechanism • Internal • Election results (positive and negative) • Sectarian conflicts • Demonstrations, Riots, and Revolutions • External • Improve external image (attract FDI, ODA) • International agreements and treaties (bilateral, regional global)

  28. Objectives The APRM as Governance Improvement Mechanism

  29. Governance Focus The APRM as Governance Improvement Mechanism • Governance focus of questionnaire • Decision making and decisions • Institutional mission • Leadership

  30. Questionnaire focus The APRM as Governance Improvement Mechanism

  31. The APRM as Governance Improvement Mechanism Societal focus • Social domains included in APRM focus • Government • Executive • MDAs • Judiciary • Legislature • Business

  32. The APRM as Governance Improvement Mechanism Assessment method • Periodic Formal Self-Assessments • expert opinion • stakeholders • public opinion • Reports - Annual

  33. The APRM as a Governance Improvement Mechanism Benchmarking • The APRM guidelines does not make formal benchmarking mandatory

  34. Improvement Plan The APRM as Governance Improvement Mechanism • NPoA structure • Issue • Objectives • Required action • Monitorable indicator • Means of verification

  35. Implementation and monitoring The APRM as Governance Improvement Mechanism • Monitoring • The systems for monitoring of the NPoA were developed by national governing councils post NPoA • Data from state bureaucracy (MDAs) • Participatory evaluation

  36. Learning and corrective action The APRM as Governance Improvement Mechanism • Evaluation, learning, and corrective action • Weak evidence of APRM evaluation and learning in annual reports • Weak evidence of corrective actions based on annual reports and global evaluation exercises

  37. APRM Achievements and Challenges

  38. APRM Achievements and Challenges Membership-1 • Characteristics of African countries* • Average country population - 16 mn • Per Capita GDP - Africa -US$ 1,009 • * 2010 • IBRD data

  39. APRM Achievements and Challenges Membership-2 • Achievement • APRM accession (2012) • 31 countries or 56% of African countries • Approximately 80% of African population living in APRM member county • Approximately 90% of African GDP produced in an APRM member country

  40. APRM Achievements and Challenges • Achievements • Countries Peer Reviewed to date: 18 • As % of those acceded: 58% • As % of all Africa 33%

  41. APRM Achievements and Challenges Membership-4 • Challenges • To increase number of new accessions • Countries yet to accede: 24 • 45% of African countries • 11% of continental GDP • To increase the rate of self-assessments • Countries that have acceded but yet to conduct self assessment:13 • As % of those that have acceded: 42% • To speed up rate of second assessment • Number of second self-assessments:1 • Number awaiting second self-assessment 6, with 7 in the pipeline.

  42. APRM Achievements and Challenges Membership-5 • Challenges • Ensure that APRM is flexible enough to accommodate diverse development strategies by: • providing a framework of objectives and questions (strategies) that can cater for the possibility of different approaches to achieve the achievement of common objectives

  43. Sources of governance improvement initiatives APRM Achievements and Challenges • Achievements • Increased focus on internal sources and drivers of governance improvement • Public opinion • Civil society • Media • Parliament • State commissions • Challenges • To maintain and increase the importance of internal sources of governance improvement

  44. APRM Achievements and Challenges Objectives-1 • Achievements • 25 objectives highlighted within the four thematic areas • Challenges • To make sure through revaluations that these are the most relevant objectives • To make sure the relative wighting given to the objectives is appropriate • For example Greater importance given to regional integration objectives • Regional programmes and projects to be peer reviewed at regional level

  45. APRM Achievements and Challenges Objectives-2 • Achievements • Space for civil society input into governance process greatly enhanced • APRM combined governance assessment with socio-economic development assessment • Challenges • Clarify further the distinction • development is about outputs of goods and services • governance is about established processes

  46. APRM Achievements and Challenges Objectives-3 • Achievements • The NPoA focus could be said to be on “governance through development” • Some “governance” projects are development projects that are necessary to improve governance e.g: • computerisation of court records to speed up trial times etc • Challenges • To raise the profile of improved governance through improved systems and organisation

  47. APRM Achievements and Challenges Objectives-4

  48. Societal Focus APRM Achievements and Challenges • Achievements • Focus on government and state Institutions • Executive and MDAs • Judiciary • Parliament • Focus on Corporate governance • Challenges • To improve and refine focus on government and state institutions • Often capacity is one of the common weaknesses • To improve and refine focus on corporate governance • To extend focus to civil society, major civil society organisations to be included in assessment

  49. Governance Focus APRM Achievements and Challenges • Achievements • APRM raised awareness of importance of some dimensions of governance: • Leadership • Decision making process • lawful • accountable • transparent • Character of decisions • inclusive • responsive • equitable • Challenges • To extend and deepen focus on: • Leadership • Decisions • Capacity • Implementation • Learning • Corrective Action

  50. APRM Achievements and Challenges Leadership-1 • Achievements • Instances of constitutional leadership in Africa on the rise • Quality of constitutional leadership in Africa improving • Threats to un-constitutional leadership mediated or challenged

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