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Presidential Reconstruction Plan for reconstruction supported by president Johnson. It was less severe than Radical Reconstruction and only required that southerners swear allegiance to the Union and that states denounce their secession and ratify the 13th amendment. Once done the states could re-enter the Union. Presidential Reconstruction allowed power to remain in the hands of many of the same people who had led the confederacy during the Civil War.
13th Amendment Constitutional amendment that ended slavery in the United States.
Radical Republicans Members of Congress and the Republican Party who favored a much tougher stance with the former Confederate states. They believed that Johnson’s approach didn’t do enough b/c it failed to offer African Americans full citizenship rights. They also believed that Congress, not the president, should oversee Reconstruction and that the majority of each state’s voting population should have to pledge allegiance to the US. They backed Radical Republicans.
14th Amendment Constitutional Amendment that made freed African Americans citizens of the states in which they lived as well as citizens of the US.
Johnson’s Impeachment Congress impeached Johnson after he tried to fire Secretary of War Edwin Stanton b/c such a move violated the Tenure in Office Act. The impeachment was led by a fiery Radical Republican congressman named Thaddeus Stevens and brought to a head the conflict between Congress and the president over Reconstruction. The Senate voted to spare Johnson’s presidency by just 1 vote.
Freedmen’s Bureau As the first federal relief agency in US History, the Freedmen’s Bureau provided clothes, medical attention, food, education, and even land to African Americans coming out of slavery. Lacking support, it eventually ended in 1869. However, during its brief time it helped many slaves transition to freedom throughout the South.
Postwar African American Education Often with the help of the Freedmen’s Bureau and/or churches, the southern African American community est. The first black schools. African-American soldiers who had received some education during the war often served as teachers. Students included both children and adults. Some people also tried to provide blacks with advanced education.
Role of African Americans in politics during Reconstruction Reconstruction allowed African Americans access to the political process. Some 600 African-Americans served in southern legislatures, a few were elected to offices as high as lieutnant-governor, and one even served as acting governor of Louisiana when the white governor was charged with corruption. On a national level, a few blacks represented southern states in Congress.
Jim Crow Laws Laws passed in the South after Reconstruction that required blacks and whites to use separate public facilities.
Poll Taxes Special taxes passed in the South after Reconstruction to prevent blacks from voting by requiring them to pay money to vote.
Impact of Railroads on the West, The Steel Industry, and big Business Railroads made western migration possible by allowing farmers, ranchers, and other settlers access to eastern markets and resources. They also made it easier for people to move west and populate territories.
Role of Irish and Chinese Immigrants Re: Railroads These immigrants often worked under very dangerous conditions as they provided much of the labor that built the nation’s western railroads and played a major role in opening the West to US expansion.
Standard Oil Oil company founded by John D. Rockefeller that monopolized the oil industry as it served as the nation’s first trust.
Monopolies Markets in which there is only one supplier of a product and no market competition.
Phonograph Invention by Thomas Edison that recorded sound.
Electric Light Bulb Invention by Edison that greatly transformed how people lived and worked. Before the electric light bulbs, people were limited to working only during the daylight hours or by the dim light of oil-burning lamps.
Technological Advances that Impacted Western Farming John Deere’s steel plow Windmills proved crucial b/c they allowed farmers to harness the wind’s power to pump water to the surface. Barbed wire made it possible for farmers to cheaply and efficiently fence in their land and livestock. Railroads created a way for farmers to import needed equipment from the East while shipping their own products to different parts of the country.
Mining Industry Became important out west as discoveries of gold like those in California meant that people of nearly every background headed west to make their fortunes.
Black Exodus Term referring to the mass migration of African Americans from the South to the Western territories following emancipation.
Wounded Knee The last major armed conflict between US Troops and Native Americans which occurred in 1890. It resulted in the death of Chief Sitting Bull, over a hundred Native American men, women and children and the defeat of Native American resistance.
Urban Growth Increase in the size and population of US cities.
Ellis Island Tiny island near the Statue of Liberty in New York, it became a well known reception center for immigrants arriving by ship.
Ethnic Ghettoes Neighborhoods where immigrants from a certain region or country tended to live together due to their common culture, language, and heritage.
Chinese Exclusion Act Law which prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally coming to the US and was not repealed until 1943.
Working Conditions in Cities Whole families tended to work b/c wages were low and no one person could earn enough to support a whole household. Men, women, and children worked in mills and factories; usually at least 12 hrs a day, six days a week.
Urban Slums Poor, inner-city neighborhoods consisting of tenements, pollution, overpopulation, and unsanitary conditions.
American Federation of LaborAFL Early influential labor union which focused on such issues as wages, working hours, and working conditions.
Pullman Strike 1894 strike led by Eugene Debs which involved railway workers. It began when George Pullman fired several labor representatives and the union responded with a strike and boycott of Pullman railway cars. The strike eventually ended when the federal government responded with a court injuction against the union, and President Cleveland sent in federal troops to make sure it was enforced.
Andrew Johnson A southerner and one time slave owner who remained loyal to the Union and became president after Lincoln’s assassination. He proved sympathetic to the South and pursued his own plan of Presidential Reconstructio.
Black Codes Laws limited the rights of freed blacks so much that African Americans the right to vote.
Radical Reconstruction Stricter form of Reconstruction backed by the Republican Congress that eventually won out over Presidential Reconstruction. It required southern states to submit to military rule, hold new constitutional conventions, grant African Americans equal rights to vote, and ratify the 14th Amendment.
15th Amendment Constitutional amendment guaranteeing African Americans the right to Vote.
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming Forms of farming that subjected freed blacks to labor conditions similar to slavery and kept them working on land owned by southern whites.
Role of African American Churches As one of the few institutions truly owned and controlled by African-Americans, black churches became centers for social and political life. They could discuss issues relevant to the black community and organize strategies to meet the needs of freed blacks.
Morehouse College College founded in 1867 to train African Americans men to be ministers and teachers. The school became Atlanta Baptist Seminary and later Atlanta Baptist College. Finally in 1913 it became Morehouse College.
Ku Klux Klan A secretive organization whose members often dressed in hooded white robes, they used violence, murder and intimidation of blacks and those who favored giving African Americans equal rights. They practiced lynchings and other acts of violence against blacks.
Literacy Tests Tests designed to keep blacks from voting by requiring uneducated African Americans to prove they could read and write before allowing them to vote.
Grandfather Clause Laws designed to help poor and less educated whites still vote by exempting them from literacy tests and poll taxes if their ancestors had voted or served in the Confederate military.
Transcontinental Railroad Railroad formed by an eastern railway company and a western railway company which linked the nation from the east to west.
John D. Rockefeller Business giant who made it big in the oil industry and founded Standard Oil, the nation’s first trust.
Trust A business arrangement under which a number of companies unite into one system, in effect destroying competition and creating a monopoly.
Thomas Edison Influential US inventor who invented the phonograph, the motion picture camera, the electric light bulb and came up with the innovative idea of central power companies that provided electrical power to large numbers of customers.
Motion Picture Camera Invention by Edison that recorded motion pictures and eventually made the movie industry possible.
Reasons settlers moved West Religion, Gold and Land
Cattle Ranching Important western industry of the 1800s that involved raising and herding cattle. Ranching contributed tot het decline of the buffalo, greatly affected Native Americans, and made cowboys legendary figures of the old West.
African Americans out West Large numbers of African Americans made their way west following the Civil War. A large number of cowboys in the 1800s were actually African Americans who moved west after the abolition of slavery. Many African Americans also served out West as soldiers in the US Army.
Reservations Land set aside by the federal government for the Native Americans.
Sitting Bull Sioux chief killed at Wounded Knee.
Immigration Process of people from other countries coming to live permanently in the US
Cultural Pluralism Presence of many different cultures within one society.
