Key Concept 1.3

1. Key Concept 1.3 “Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group.”

2. To what extent did European ethnocentrism alter the political, social, and economic lives of Native Americans? What is ethnocentrism? How did the Native Americans respond to Europeans view of them?

3. Activity 1 • Groups of 2 • Respond to “Reading Like A Historian” Mapping the New World http://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/V3LessonPlans/Mapping%20the%20New%20World_0.pdf 4. Share and discuss your analyses. (15mins)

4. Historical Context English settlers first land in Jamestown. Winter 1609 – 1610 Almost 150 (of 214) English colonists die from starvation and hardship. 1619 Virginia’s population grows rapidly to 1,400. 1622-1623 Native Americans launch attacks against English settlements and kill 347 settlers. Colonists respond by poisoning and killing 250 Native Americans. 1634 Colonists build a wall across the Virginia Peninsula. An English Captain wrote that the wall “completely excludes the Indians . . .; this will be of extraordinary benefit to the country.” 1636 Date of Map A 1646 First Indian reservations established for surviving Powhatan Indians. 1651 Date of Map B.

5. Map A: Gerhard Mercator. Virginia and Maryland, 1636

6. Map B: Edward Williams. A Map of Virginia, 1651.

7. Discussion: • How do the two maps differ? How do you explain the differences? • What do these maps tell you about the colonists’ experiences in the New World? • What do these maps tell you about the colonists’ attitudes towards Native Americans? • What do these maps tell you about why maps change over time? • What are some predictions you would make about what a map of Virginia would portray in 1700? 1750? 1800? 1900?

8. Activity 2 Groups of 4 Analyze using the document strategy: P = Purpose A = Audience T = The author H = Historical Context Share your information and the respond to the aim question.

9. Context: birth of slave trade • Turning point: • ~1450 Portugal builds the caravel ship, masters the wind to access sub-Saharan Africa • Causes/consequences: • ~1450 Portugal enters the Arab, African slave trade. • Slave trading became a big business: • ~40,000 Africans  Atlantic sugar islands in late • Millions more post-1492. • Origins of the modern plantation system

10. Context: Encomienda system • Turning point: • 1494 Spain signs the Treaty of Tordesillas, dividing the “heathen lands” of the New World. • Causes/consequences: • Spanish hegemony in New World fuels conquest, colonization and empire-building • Established the encomienda system: government to “commend,” or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them.

11. Resistance • In spite of slavery, Africans’ cultural and linguistic adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation and autonomy. • Maroon Communities in Brazil, the Caribbean, the Americas • Mixing of Christianity and the traditional African/Indian religions • Pueblo Revolt of 1680 • "day-to-day" resistance—from simple malingering to subtle but systematic acts of sabotage.